Motor Vehicle Industry

Summary The motor vehicle industry mainly concerns itself with manufacturing and selling of motor vehicles and all the related parts to users. Motor vehicles have gradually continued to grow in their usefulness, influencing demand from the markets as users seek to gain from the additional features and technology that manufacturers introduce in their numerous designs and models.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motor Vehicle Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At present, motor vehicles come with many added features that seek to address different areas of concern, including safety, security, and efficiency. The trend, however, has been reduced costs for acquisition of such improved vehicles as the industry targets to improve profits while maintaining lean costs. However, the industry experiences numerous challenges that threaten to derail the gains that have been achieved over the years. Motor vehicles m ainly depend on oil for their running, which is a challenge for the industry because global crude oil prices have been increasing almost on a daily basis (TheCapitol.Net 183). This makes it expensive to own and run a vehicle. The global financial crisis has further reduced the demand levels as more potential buyers and users have been electing to invest their money on other assets rather than buying vehicles. Changing customer tastes and preferences have equally been putting manufacturers on continuous strategy development and improvisation as efforts are pursued to beat competition and maintain profit levels. This case write-up seeks to illustrate some solutions that manufacturers have adopted in addressing the problems that afflict the industry. Firstly, the paper will explore on the changes in manufacturing strategy currently being witnessed, which includes the shift towards the developing economies in as far as locating manufacturing plants is located. Secondly, the paper will e xplore on the new changes in production systems that mainly aim at achieving efficiency and eliminating over dependence on oil. Lastly, the paper provides recommendations that vehicle manufacturer can adopt as a perfect way of tackling the challenges that they encounter in their activities. Strategic Analysis SWOT Analysis of the Industry Strengths The industry boasts of an expansive product line. Different manufacturers are dealing in varied brands, which enable the companies to spread their risks. Thus, poor performance affecting a particular brand may not necessarily affect an entire company (U.S. International Trade Commission xxxi).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With increased competition among the various manufactures, the industry has generally developed manufacturing competence to sustain the competition. This has increased the quality of the manufactured vehi cles and, thus, acted as a surety to the buyers that the products they buy are worth the value of their money. To further sustain the intense competition, players have improved on their research and development skills, as well as leadership. This has seen quality products being released to the market, and which match the expectations and needs of the customers accurately. The motor vehicle industry enjoys reputable brand names that have been in existence for many years. Such brand names are interpreted to mean high skills, long-term expertise, and reliable experience, which cannot be affected easily by changing market trends and patterns. Thus, more customers continue to have trust in the companies (U.S. International Trade Commission xxxii). Weaknesses Fast changing customer tastes have effectively made products to be obsolete and have narrow product lines. This makes it costly for the companies as they continuously engage in strategy formulation to achieve a perfect match between the products they manufacture and the market expectations. Costs of manufacturing have been increasing with expanded production owing to the rising cost of the raw materials. The industry relies on different raw materials for the production of motor vehicles, including aluminum, glass, and rubber. The prices of these materials have been increasing over time, thus equally increasing the cost of production for the industries that rely on such materials, like the motor vehicle manufacturing industry. Customer goodwill has been declining for industry players who fail to maintain positive performance. GM and Chrysler, for instance, are likely to have lost some level of customer goodwill in the wake of their bankruptcies following the biting global financial crisis. This has also contributed to their struggling performance even after the economy is on its recovery path. With the industry pursuing portfolio management as a strategy of keeping pace with the market and competition pressures, there is the danger of poor performance as a result of bad portfolio management. Companies are focusing on pursuing too many portfolios, which in turn posses the danger of losing focus and encountering losses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motor Vehicle Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Opportunities Motor vehicle manufacturers have the potential of expanding their core businesses to include other areas, such as motorcycle or ship engine manufacturing. This could help in increasing demand especially at a time when their core business demands are low. The industry has the potential of widening the product range as research and development activities lead to new products. This helps in spreading risk over a wider selection of products. Industry players have the potential of vertically integrating forward and backward, thus eliminating challenges and limitations of relying on suppliers and distribut ors. This increases efficiency and also lowers chances of experiencing unwarranted delays. The trend in the industry has been that of making acquisitions, particularly with the best performing companies buying out those facing difficulties. This helps the companies in achieving additional markets and thus increasing their chances of making huge profits. Threats There is growing competition, especially within the domestic market, as foreign manufacturers establish their operations in different countries. The foreign market is also experiencing high competition as manufacturers from different countries target the international market for their operations. Consumer tastes are gradually changing over very short periods. This is forcing manufacturers to endlessly engage in strategy planning and development, which is costly and time consuming. It also leads to losses due to delayed sales that occur as a result of the market not wishing to acquire vehicles they consider outdated. Barriers to market entry are also being lessened throughout the world as most countries enter into international market treaties. This forces them to lessen the entry protection mechanisms, thus providing foreign companies with an opportunity to exploit the markets. Changes in economic factors are affecting the industry’s demand, with the global recessions lowering market demands for motor vehicles. Such recessionary patterns push manufacturers into debts and also limit their production capacities. Nature of Problems Changing customer tastes Buyers of motor vehicles often base their purchase decisions on various aspects, which make up their tastes. These purchase decisions are not permanent and keep on changing with time (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 65). Because manufacturers have to make quick sales in order to achieve their desired profits, it is important that they study the market trends carefully and design vehicles that will accurately reflect on the customer demands and wis hes. This entails a lot of activity, including conducting market research and designing strategies to enable their products attract higher demands.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, with the short-lived customer tastes, it becomes difficult for the manufacturers to fully address them. Once the companies clear their research and design the vehicles to specifications, they realize the tastes have shifted. In essence, this causes their vehicles to stay for long as finished stock in the warehouses and on the floor shops without being purchased. In other instances, the prices are forced to be lowered in order to raise demand for such products. American motor vehicles manufacturers, mainly GM, Chrysler, and Ford, concentrated on the manufacture of sports utility vehicles, SUV, and light trucks because the local market preferred this type of vehicles. With the growth for these companies mainly relying on the sale of SUVs and light trucks, the market changed its taste and preferences as most buyers opted for the small passenger vehicles that were mainly manufactured by foreign companies. This decision was mainly informed by the fact that the SUVs consume a lot of fuel, which is not economically viable at a time when oil prices are increasing at alarming rates. This change of market preferences and consumer tastes has in particular been responsible for the slow recovery of the American leading manufacturers, especially GM and Chrysler (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 65). Global economic patterns Global economic patterns are highly fluctuating and are very difficult to be predicted accurately. This subjects the car manufacturing companies to highly risky business environment because any abrupt changes could affect their production and profit levels. Economic recessions, in particular, have negative effects to the operations of car manufacturers as they diminish the buying capability of users, thereby reducing on the market demand levels. As the overall market demand declines, companies are also forced to cut down on their production capacities in order to control the likelihood of running at losses. This involves cutting down jobs, closin g down on a number of manufacturing units, and borrowing funds from governments to assist in mitigating the crisis. With production having been at normal prior to the onset of such recessionary patterns, it means the finished vehicles already released to distributors and showrooms will take longer before being purchased. The longer these products remain at the shops the more the costs also increase. Eventually, this pushes the manufacturers into losses and makes it difficult for them to recover even after the recessionary periods recede and markets demands increase to normal. Rising cost of oil Global prices have a huge bearing on the purchase decisions that customers make in as far as their acquisition of motor vehicles is concerned. Thus, the ever rising global prices for the commodity has posed a challenge to the motor vehicle industry, especially given that many vehicle engines rely on oil to run. As a remedy to the challenge, industry players have constantly been engaging in re search to find alternative energy sources that can be able to power their vehicles. Such research findings have determined other viable alternatives, including the manufacture of hybrid vehicles that are set to lower the overdependence on oil as the main energy source. However, these researches are expensive for the car manufacturers as they require a lot of time and expertise. Equally challenging is the fact that vehicles running on a fuel cell require hydrogen that combines with oxygen in order to run. However, there are very few hydrogen stations, which make the alternative less viable. Liquid hydrogen can only be stored in very low temperatures, thus making this option further less attractive for the industry. A different alternative has been developed in which lithium ion batteries that are rechargeable are used to power vehicles. This alternative, too, faces its own drawbacks as the batteries can hardly retain their charge for significant durations. With these ventures being c omparatively expensive, these types of vehicles are expensive to acquire and would still discourage the buyers from purchasing them. Rising competition The motor vehicle industry and market has been experiencing increased competition from the varied players as the scramble for purchasers continue. In particular, most countries have reduced the entry barriers that previously locked out foreign companies from competing with their local manufacturers. In essence, more foreign companies have gained access to other national markets, including establishing manufacturing in such markets to maintain their production costs at minimum levels. Japan’s Toyota motor manufacturing company, for instance, has gained a foothold of the American domestic market following the company’s entry into the market. This has seen the company establish several manufacturing units within the USA to make their operations easier. The market share for the American companies, GM, Ford, and Chrysler, ha s particularly waned with the introduction of mainly Japanese and European manufacturing plants. Subsequently, the foreign manufacturers now enjoy a bigger market USA auto mobile market share, thus piling more challenges to the home companies. Control Systems Extending activities into the developing world Vehicle manufacturers have particularly embraced the idea of extending their operations into the developing world to address some of the challenges that continue to afflict the industry. The main reasoning behind such a move is to target the huge market in such countries, including China, India, Brazil, and Russia, which have high populations. The developing world, despite the fact that it also registered a decline in demand levels for motor vehicles during the global financial crisis, was not as worse of as the developed markets. Thus, the slight drop in demand levels has given hope to the manufacturers from the developed world that the markets can offer substantial ground for gro wth. In addition, the cost of operation in the developing world is also comparatively low. The huge population makes it easy to acquire labor at very cheap rates. This translates to high efficiency for the companies as they are able to save significant costs and thus improve on their profitability. Integrating advanced technology in manufacturing The industry is adopting the use of advanced technology in order to address the problem of overreliance on oil for running vehicle engines. The new technologies have seen the introduction and release of hybrid type of vehicles that use alternative sources of energy. The vehicles use batteries and hydrogen as an alternative to oil and can be recharged as the vehicles run on oil. New technologies have also seen companies achieve fast and reliable production capacities that do not delay the production cycle. This is significant for the companies because the finished vehicles take only few days between the start of manufacturing and the market release date. The technological advancements also aid the production of different product models using the same production plants and materials. Restructuring supply functions Most industry players are restructuring their supply departments to achieve high efficiency. Such restructure programs include spurning off the supply department such that it operates independently. This program achieves efficiency because the restructured supply organization cleanly understands the internal operations and production patterns of the main company. Production by order Motor vehicle manufacturers are attempting to tie their production to specific orders by the market rather that mass production of their products. This seeks to gain the automatic market demands while eliminating cases where vehicle products stay for long at the distributor and shop locations without being purchased. External Industry Environment Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Buyers’ bargaining power Buyers have a mod erate bargaining power. This is because the global population, which forms the industry’s market, is huge and provides a wider alternative for the manufacturers. There are also varied manufacturers who target the same global market with their varied products (Grant 112). Suppliers’ bargaining power The supplier bargaining power in the motor vehicle industry is also moderate. Most of the manufacturing companies are huge and have capacity to achieve forward integration. However, suppliers of other important material parts still enjoy some level of monopoly over the manufacturers. Barriers to market entry The level of market entry barriers is high. The motor vehicle industry relies on high capital amounts to set up operations. Equally, the market has more trust on brand names and customer loyalty, which a new company may find difficult to acquire and build over a short term. Rivalry and competition There level of rivalry and competition is intense. Different manufacturers are competing with each other in order to acquire significant market shares. This has seen manufacturers establish operation units in different regions of the world in order to achieve low production costs and market customization. Threat of substitute products The threat of substitute products in the industry is high. Many manufacturers are increasingly relying on market tastes and preferences to manufacture their products. Thus, different products from varying manufacturers resemble each other and could easily be picked by customers as a perfect substitute for their brands (Grant 115). Solutions and Recommendations The industry needs to spend more in the area of research and development. Although companies are sending more in this area, additional spending should be encouraged as a way of creating competitive advantages over competitors. As competition increases, companies can only develop their competitive edge by undertaking continuous research and development activities in ord er to keep up to date with the market expectations and preferences. Equally, technology is constantly changing and without maintaining pace with it, the companies may not be able to achieve the advantage of efficiency and high quality that comes with it. Having an elaborate research and development strategy will enable manufacturing companies to work on alternatives that may address effectively the challenges of over relying on oil fuel as the main source of power for motor vehicles. It will also come in handy in addressing the challenge of changing market preferences by exploring on other viable alternatives, such as pursuing special manufacture by market order. Production in some countries is too expensive and is not viable at all. Manufacturers, therefore, need to consider the cheap production countries in the world and relocate their production there to maintain minimal production costs. Production of motor vehicles in the USA, for example, is not viable because of the added cos ts that are involved. Companies need to pay high costs in maintaining their pension workers, which eventually increases the cost of production. Companies, such as the GM, Chrysler, or Ford, may consider transferring their labor intensive processes to such developing countries as China or India, which have considerably low labor rates. Other processes that require a lot of mechanization, such as vehicle assembly can remain in the USA owing to the country’s extensive industrialization. This will reduce the production costs significantly for the companies, and enable them sell their finished products at highly competitive prices. Companies should consider expanding their product portfolios in order to spread their risks and thus cushion themselves from such threats as bankruptcy. Even though the core business for a vehicle manufacturer involves designing and producing vehicles, relying too much on this one business can prove to be dangerous. Apart from introducing several motor vehicle brands under one manufacturer, players can consider exploring the manufacture of other closely related products, like motorcycles, power generators, or mechanized sawing machines. The market demand for such products is independent of each other and thus a manufacturer can be assured of a different market in case one product type struggles with poor market demands. The variety of products should be different but employ similar technology in order to make it easy for the company to enhance its performance in the other product areas. Works Cited Grant, Robert. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2010. Print. TheCapitol.Net, Inc. Recession, Depression, Insolvency, Bankruptcy, and Federal Bailouts. Alexandria, VA: TheCapitol.Net, 2009. Print. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Career Guide to Industries, 2006-07. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labour, 2006. Print. U.S. International Trade Commission. Foundry Products: Competitive Conditions in the U.S. Market, Inv. 332-460. Washington, D.C.: U.S. International Trade Commission, 2005. Print. This case study on Motor Vehicle Industry was written and submitted by user Marley Beach to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature

A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature Feminist Utopia Feminist utopia is a type of social science fiction. Usually, a feminist utopia novel envisions a world in stark contrast to patriarchal society. Feminist utopia imagines a society without gender oppression, envisioning a future or an alternate reality where men and women are not stuck in traditional roles of inequality. These novels are often set in worlds where men are entirely absent. Feminist Dystopia Often, a feminist science fiction novel is more of a dystopia. Dystopic science fiction imagines a world gone terribly wrong, exploring the most extreme possible consequences of current society’s problems. In a feminist dystopia, the inequality of society or oppression of women is exaggerated or intensified to highlight the need for change in contemporary society. Explosion of a Subgenre There was a great increase in feminist utopian literature during the second-wave feminism of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Feminist science fiction is often seen as more concerned with societal roles and power dynamics than the technological advances and space travel of â€Å"typical† science fiction. Examples Early feminist utopias: City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan  Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Contemporary feminist utopia novels: Works by Marge PiercyThe Wanderground by Sally Miller Gearhart Feminist dystopia novels: Walk to the End of the World by Suzy McKee CharnasThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood There are also many books, such as Joanna Russ’ The Female Man, that explore both utopia and dystopia.

A needs orientated approach to care

This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used collaboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effect ive this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient. The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that â€Å"Personalized care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances† with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being’.It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can be d ocumented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individuals needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and its up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different speciailties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a major f actor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE) as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is fundamental to gaining all the information required about the patient in order to give the best possible care. â€Å"Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan† (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that although every AL is important some are more important than o ther and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). â€Å"Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan† (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship. A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all hav e an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I endened up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather e nough objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. This is where Barrett et al (2009) state that there should be a systematic nursing diagnosis where nurses establish a nursing diagnosis rather than just a medical diagnosis. This is where the holistic needs of a patient are taken into consideration. Although nursing diagnosis differs from a medical diagnosis the two do interlink but a nursing diagnosis considers the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of the medical diagnosis and problems that may arise from these. Another part of the systematic nursing diagnosis is to provide baselines to state where the patients are at at the present time so that a needs statement can be written in conjunction with the patient in terminology that they can understand(Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. These goals need to contain both subjective goals and objective goals in order for them to be measurable and evaluated. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones. It also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Planning needs to be totally individualized and patient centered they need to feel they have a voice and part of the team. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, i ndividualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan. The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as rea sonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. The main component of the implementation stage is the delivery of the care to the patient. This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983).Implementation provides great emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. Individualis ed care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm. Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. Diamond (2008) states that there are also legal and ethical issues when it comes to implementing care as consent needs to be gained before any care is implemented and if this is not given the care cannot be given this will obviously have an effect on how effective the care has been when evaluating the care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) state in section 3 of the code of c onduct ‘you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care’ (2002). During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time are analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need t o be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem. Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trained member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11 Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications A needs orientated approach to care This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used collaboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effect ive this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient. The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that â€Å"Personalized care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances† with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being’.It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can be d ocumented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individuals needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and its up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different speciailties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a major f actor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE) as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is fundamental to gaining all the information required about the patient in order to give the best possible care. â€Å"Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan† (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that although every AL is important some are more important than o ther and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). â€Å"Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan† (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship. A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all hav e an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I endened up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather e nough objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. This is where Barrett et al (2009) state that there should be a systematic nursing diagnosis where nurses establish a nursing diagnosis rather than just a medical diagnosis. This is where the holistic needs of a patient are taken into consideration. Although nursing diagnosis differs from a medical diagnosis the two do interlink but a nursing diagnosis considers the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of the medical diagnosis and problems that may arise from these. Another part of the systematic nursing diagnosis is to provide baselines to state where the patients are at at the present time so that a needs statement can be written in conjunction with the patient in terminology that they can understand(Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. These goals need to contain both subjective goals and objective goals in order for them to be measurable and evaluated. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones. It also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Planning needs to be totally individualized and patient centered they need to feel they have a voice and part of the team. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, i ndividualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan. The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as rea sonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. The main component of the implementation stage is the delivery of the care to the patient. This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983).Implementation provides great emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. Individualis ed care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm. Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. Diamond (2008) states that there are also legal and ethical issues when it comes to implementing care as consent needs to be gained before any care is implemented and if this is not given the care cannot be given this will obviously have an effect on how effective the care has been when evaluating the care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) state in section 3 of the code of c onduct ‘you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care’ (2002). During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time are analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need t o be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem. Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trained member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11 Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications

Evaluating the impact of international environmental laws on oil and Essay - 1

Evaluating the impact of international environmental laws on oil and gas - Essay Example GEP-Oil is under attack from environment conservation agencies on its oil exploratory methods.This has led to the firm abandoning oil exploratory activities by GEP-Oil which has been operating in the Russian northern hemisphere. Oil exploration in the northern hemisphere is exceedingly complicated and an extremely expensive investment and GEP-Oil had entered into partnerships with investors from out of state in order to be able to explore for oil reserves in the arctic region. The effects of the attack by the environmental groups will mean that the firm cannot and will not be able to meet its obligations to its partners. On the other hand, GEP-Oil cannot ignore the issues that have been raised against it because it wants to be conformable to environmental protection practices and also wants good partnership and trust with the local community. This means that GEP-Oil must carefully and quickly address the situation to resume its oil exploration as soon as possible. Recommendation(s) G EP-Oil should be able to address the issue while involving the relevant stake holders in the process. This will mean that GEP-Oil will have to closely work with environmental groups in order to ensure that their issues and concerns are well addressed. This will also mean that GEP-Oil will need to involve the local communities in order to also ensure that their concerns are also taken care of. By doing this, GEP-Oil will be able to overcome the challengers posed by the situation as well as mintage any risk of the situation happening again. 1. Background of the issue The issue of environmental degradation caused by the oil exploration is one that every oil exploration firm should be able to look at carefully. GEP-Oil has found itself in the midst of the issue and this threatens to interfere with the operations and the success of the firm. GEP-Oil has being accused by environmental agencies of being careless in the way it carries out its exploratory activities. Because of this, GEP-Oil has been affected in the way it operates because it has stopped some of its operations in order to deal with the situation first. This scenario is threatening to kill the numerous employment opportunities that the firm affords the residents. GEP-Oil is also likely to lose its reputation because this has affected its ability to continue with its obligations which it owes its partners in business. On the other hand, GEP-Oil does not want to create the wrong impression within the community it operates and this has meant that the firm has to tread extremely carefully around the matter. In this paper, these issues are addressed in detail and alternatives to dealing with the situation are taken. 2. Impact of Oil/Gas Production on the Environment According to Mushkat (87) businesses are seen to promote environmental degradation by the very fact that they promote economic activity. The exploration and production of oil leads to a damage of the environment and this means that producers of o il will have to take necessary measures to mitigate the damage done to the environment. GEP-Oil will have to understand this in solving its current situation. There are a number of ways in which GEP-Oil can remedy the situation and convince environmental groups to accept that it needs to go on with oil production in the arctic region. One of this is sustainable development. As Beyerlin (2011, p. 84) says, sustainable development refers to the fact that natural resources should be exploited in a way that leaves no or little damage to the environment. This law is recognizant of the fact that exploitation of natural resources will have to be done in order for survival of human beings on the planet. This will be GEP-Oil’s biggest defence against the accusation. Oil is an immensely useful to the community and it is

The United Arab Emirates embassy in Washington D.C Essay

The United Arab Emirates embassy in Washington D.C - Essay Example On the security front, the giant nations, the UAE and the USA, have and continue to collaborate, with their relations gaining momentum each and very give minute. To be sure, UAE is the only country in the Gulf region that has provided military assistance and cooperation to the USA forces in its five military operations, namely the Afghanistan, Libya, Somalia, Bosnia-Kosovo and the Gulf wars. In addition, the UAE and the United States support each other’s efforts in fighting terrorism and providing peace around the world, and so was the foundation for the bilateral Defense Cooperation Agreement signed in 1994, permitting the United States to base troops and their military artillery within UAE federation borders, particular, in Jebel Ali port, in Dubai, providing waters deep enough to berth the aircraft carriers of the US naval forces.UAE and the USA have also increased their partnership in the social and cultural sectors; Universities such as New York University, Boston Univers ity and other USA institutions initiating different projects in the UAE. The US healthcare institutions such as Johns Hopkins, Cleveland Clinic and May Clinic are also cutting a niche for themselves by in the UAE by exchanging ideas and/or best practices in health care services. The UAE was but among the countries that come in handy with to support the victims and reconstruct the damages caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2011, and indeed help rebuild Joplin school in Missouri and provide new laptops to the affected students.

Research and Account Essay Example for Free

Research and Account Essay Two carers were moving a service user from a bed to a chair using a hoist. they placed the hoist sling underneath the service user and then attached it to the hoist. Whilst the hoist was stationary one carer turned away to pick up the service users slippers and as a result the service user fell forward to the ground. The service user suffered wounds on their scalp and bruising to their head. The service user was taken to hospital but passed away 10 days later. It was found that the sling loop fixings were wrongly adjusted and a safety pommel was not used. In this report the carers were lacking in training and guidance to use the hoist from the company they worked for. One carer was not focused on the task of the service user being in hoist as she took on another task to get the slippers which meant she wasnt aware of what the service user was doing. If the correct equipment was used and adjusted properly then that would have prevented the fall and death of this service user. When assisting a service user with a task whether it be small or large we always need to carry out the task using the correct equipment, and the correct members of staff to be present. Also our full attention should be on the task at all times and aware of what the service user is doing and what is happening around them. if not doing so then this could result in the service user falling or being injured and equipment could be damaged. Carers should always carry out a visual check of the equipment prior to using and if a problem arises should not be used and reported to the relevant person. Report 2 Michael Shorthouse suffered from Downs Syndrome, learning difficulties and dementia. He moved into Cedars Care Home in May 2007 but, despite hes families pleas over hes treatment, within five months his health had deteriorated so much he had to be admitted to hospital. Whilst in hospital doctors found that he was seriously dehydrated, had developed acute kidney problems and pressure sores, and had aspiration pneumonia, which is an inflammation of the lungs caused by breathing in foreign material like food or liquids. Michael Shorthouses condition improved once he had been transferred to hospital and then moved into a different nursing home, but later died in 2010. Cedars Care Home was reported to Social Services and the Safeguarding Adults Office (SAO) which investigated and found that there had been overall neglect in the care given to Michael. Two years after Michael was admitted to hospital, the care home hadnt improved and was given a zero-star rating in a Care Quality Commission inspection.

Observing Persuasion in the New Age :: New Age Religion Psychology Essays

Observing Persuasion in the New Age Thesis:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The allure of the New Age can be attributed in part to an overall lack of understanding its nature; when its history is taken into consideration and its persuasive element is exposed, we see that, contrary to the assumption that the New Age is a freer alternative to mainstream religion, persuasion is a very present part of the New Age. I. Preface II. What is new about it? A. The New Age is not new. B. If there is anything really new about it, it is its acceptance in the West. C. Its adaptation to the Western culture is also new. III. Persuasive elements defined A. Reactance B. InGroup C. Foot-in-the-door phenomena D. Low-ball technique E. Effects of the Communicator 1. Trustworthiness 2. Credibility 3. Speaking confidently F. Range of acceptability G. Fear of appearing foolish H. Behaviour changing attitude I. Internalization IV. Persuasive elements observed V. Conclusion Preface The automatic and first context of an assessment of the New Age, as a ministerial student, is religious. For the purpose of this paper, however, I shall endeavour to limit the assessment of the New Age to the primary context of social psychology. As this paper is an exposition of the presence of persuasion in the New Age (contrary to its assumed freedom), it is also necessary, in the interest of fairness, to make some fundamental distinctions, with respect to the possibility of illusory correlations being formed from the conclusions of this paper: 1. if the New Age does indeed use elements of persuasion, it is not necessarily cult-like, any more than is the average Christian denomination, whether evangelical or mainstream. Persuasion is basically a human phenomena, and thus it inevitably appears — to some degree — wherever two or more people interact; 2. the visibly tragic results of some cults do not attend the average New Age participant. Persuasion is not about ends, its about means. Some use persuasion to a tragic end, some do not. In addition to various real-life instances where these factors have be observed, I shall be drawing extensively from the particular case of Will Baron, who has become a key speaker on the dangers of the New Age. It is of value for its contextual, in-depth examination of the duration of his entire experience with the New Age, from the earliest stages of involvement, to his total commitment of life and means, to his ultimate rejection of the philosophy of the New Age, as he was taught to understand it.

Charles Bukowski’s Diction

Diction refers to the writer's distinctive vocabulary choices and style of expression in a poem or story. A secondary, common meaning is more precisely expressed with the word enunciation – the art of speaking clearly so that each word is clearly heard and understood to its fullest complexity and extremity. Diction has multiple concerns; register words being either formal or informal in social contexts. Literary diction analysis reveals how a passage establishes tone and characterization. Knowing this, how can we apply this conception to Bukowski's works? It's simple: What is most important about Bukowski's works is the accessibility.His works are written in plain language which makes them a fast read, and â€Å"easily† translatable (although the bests are always the originals). Charles Bukowski's style is reportedly one of the most imitated in the world due to its simplicity, and has influenced numerous writers in the realism movement, which doesn't mean that this styl e is an easy choice, mostly because his writing was, among other peculiarities, heavily influenced by the geography and atmosphere of his home city (Los Angeles) and is marked by an emphasis on the ordinary lives of poor Americans, the act of writing, alcohol, relationships with women, and the drudgery of work.His voice is from people who occupies a place among those outcasts, outlaws, madmen and solitaries whose outspoken visions achieved against all odds a global presence. Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Hubert Selby Jr. and William Burroughs were some authors who, as Bukowski, made use of these themes to expess their own points of view in a very particular way, being Bukowski the most â€Å"objective and clear† and non-scholarly one of them.Yet, even among such outsiders, he remains outside, a consummate loner, since the others, unlike him, reveal in their various styles a certain hard-won haggling with literature that was, to him, the stuff of dupes. The tone of most of Bukowski's works is autobiographic and often reffers to his feelings of a permanently disfigured boy in early adolescence by painful boils, so severe that they had to be surgically lanced.He also worked in a succession of heartbreaking menial jobs, culminating in a numbing nine-year stint in the U. S. Post Office, facts that would give him a lot to write about, especially his feelings in relation to these facts. He perfectly depicted the depravity of urban life and the downtrodden in American society. Bukowski relied on experience, emotion, and imagination in his work, using direct language, violence and sexual imagery.He writes with a nothing-to-lose truthfulness which sets him apart from most other autobiographical novelists and poets. He has established himself as a writer with a consistent and insistent style based on what he projects as his ‘personality,’ the result of hard, intense living and the sense of a desolate, abandoned world. In addition to desolation, Bukowski’s free verse tackles the absurdities of life, especially in relation to death.The subject matters of this world are also drinking, sex, gambling, and music; the Bukowski style, however, is like a crisp, hard voice; an excellent ear and eye for measuring out the lengths of lines; and an avoidance of metaphor where a lively anecdote will do the same dramatic work. Furthermore, his grace with words gives a comic gleam to even his meanest revelations. Bukowski’s poems give the impression that they're best appreciated not as individual verbal artifacts but as ongoing installments in the tale of his true adventures, like a comic book or a movie serial.They are strongly narrative, drawing from an endless supply of anecdotes that typically involve, for ex: a bar, a skid-row hotel, a horse race, a girlfriend, or any permutation thereof. Bukowski’s free verse is really a series of declarative sentences broken up into a long column, the sho rt lines giving an impression of speed and terseness even when the language is sentimental or cliche. Maybe that is the reason of way the readers feel so close to him, as we're talking to a close friend.The fact is that, with his own simple diction, which is so direct and easy understandable (but yet deep, sensitive and real at the same time) we can really feel ourselves in what he's talking about, even if we have no idea of what it is like to be in his shoes. In the end, we relate his experiences as the world and people as they really are, and we can't hide from it any longer. it's true: pain and suffering helps to create what we call art. given the choice I'd never choose this damned pain and suffering for myself but somehow it finds me as the royalties continue to roll on in.

Analysis of Central Idea in Helena Maria Viramontes’ “The Moths” Essay

The short story â€Å"The Moths† by Helena Maria ViraMontes is the story of a Latina granddaughter reminiscing about her relationships between herself and family, most specifically with her grandmother, when the narrator was a teenage girl. The narrator speaks about the indifference she felt among her sisters because she feels she was not pretty enough and could not â€Å"do the girl things they could do† (ViraMontes 1118.) Furthermore she expresses that she is always in trouble and she is used to getting punished for her disruptiveness. She spends her time watching over her grandmother since her grandmother has always watched over her. Throughout the story, the grandmother progressively becomes more and more ill with cancer, while the grandaughter becomes more and more emotionally, and productively responsible. Finally the cancer kills the grandmother, and the granddaughter continues to take care of her, undressing her and washing her in the tub, as she holds her and rocks her back and forth. At this point, moths are released from the grandmother; the moths which the grandmother told the granddaughter â€Å"lay within the soul and slowly eat the spirit up† (ViraMontes 1121.) The granddaughter cries and sobs in the tub with her grandmother until her sadness transformed into relief. Later the granddaughter talks about the sun and how it cannot shine forever. It must disappear in order to reappear for the next day. She also notices that â€Å"endings are inevitable† (ViraMontes 1121) and it is necessary to be reborn. After the grandmother has passed, on the granddaughter who felt so distant from her mother, now longs to be with her, to establish a new relationship was born from the death of an old one. Therefore during emotionally challenging times, we must all be able to let our guard down, be vulnerable, and allow our emotions to own us in order to obtain peace in one’s life.

Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay Example

Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay Example Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson Essay Essay Topic: Poetry The two poems I will be analysing are `Dulce et Decorum est by Owen and `The Charge of the Light Brigade by Tennyson. Tennyson and Owen have very different views on war, I think that it is important to look at their reasons for writing the poems, and their backgrounds. Tennyson was poet laureate, and therefore a high profile figure, and expected to write poems. He came from an aristocratic background, and had a higher-class family than Owen. He did not see war for himself; he simply read a newspaper article and wrote his poem as a result of that. His information was secondary, and therefore ubject to bias, that was beyond his control. Owen had a much different upbringing, he came from a working class family, but managed to go to university, which was unusual at that time, for working class people. He was a soldier, and had first hand experience of the reality of war, so his information on which he based his poem was primary, and we can assume it was probably much more true to the reality of war. Owen wrote his poem out of a desire to communicate the horror of war to those who still believed that it was glorious and honourable, as promoted by Tennysons poem. The two views on war held by Tennyson and Owen could not be more different. Tennyson believes that the valiant and courageous should be remembered for dying in that war, on the other hand Owen is adamant that no more young boys be sent to somewhere as abhorrent as that, without knowing the truth. He knows that a lot of propaganda is prevalent, and wishes that they made up their own mind about whether they want to fight, rather than be forced, or coerced into something that they will regret. Tennyson uses a strict rhythm and structure, while Owen uses numerous similes and a much slower speed, to encapsulate his perception of war. Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, This rhythm is set from the first two lines and last until the very end of the poem. In my opinion it reflects the strict regimentation of the soldiers, and the rhythm of the horses galloping towards their destination. It is designed to make the reader feel a sense of power and glory, disregarding the facts of the situation, that there was a terrible massacre of the English armys finest soldiers. Bent double, like old beggars under sacks, Owens poem is much more ironic, in that the poem is called `Dulce et Decorum est which is Latin for `it is sweet and fitting so he first line of the poem is a strong and shocking contrast, moreover the title is very ironic, as it was quite a common saying at the time, and he has named his poem after it, and then goes on to describe the atrocities of war, the exact opposite of the title. His similes metaphors are very effective, and in this simile he also uses alliteration, to emphasize the pain and suffering that the men endured. The fact that the British army were in this grave position was bad enough, but that they were `like old beggars is the ultimate disgrace to the army that was arrogant enough to believe that they were unbeatable. This was poignant at the time he wrote the poem. Tennyson does use metaphors, but a minority in comparison to Owen, who uses many highly effective similes and metaphors. `Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge, Here Owen continues to create an image of the downfall of the mighty army, and how poor they are now. He compares them to `hags, which implies witches and the ugliness of war, and what it has made of them. He uses the word `we reminding the reader that he was one of those soldiers, and that he knows what is was like to be in that situation, going through the hell that those soldiers were suffering. The word `sludge gives the feeling of biting cold, and thick mire that made even walking difficult. Owen makes it very easy for us to imagine the plight of these poor men. `All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. Here Tennyson uses a metaphor that is effective on its own, but is also from the bible, Psalm 23. This brings a religious angle to the poem now, and that God is on the side or the Light Brigade, against the enemy. He the writes `Rode the six hundred which is repeated throughout the poem, and in fact there were more like seven hundred and fifty men in the Light Brigade, but Tennyson only chose to ay six hundred, maybe to make them seem more heroic because there were less of them, or possibly just for poetic licence, to keep the strong, pulsating rhythm. Tennysons poem moves very rapidly, and does not dwell on the consequences, where as Owen focuses on the consequences. Tennyson tries to whip up enthusiasm, without a thought for the reality of what is happening. ` `Forward the Light Brigade! Charge for the guns! he said: Tennyson creates an image of the Light Brigade approaching their target in a very commanding and impressive stampede, almost regal in their stature. The adrenaline rush that the soldiers were eeling was very important, to make sure that they did not become discouraged, and the generals would shout instructions to keep them motivated and rapt in what they were doing, and that is what Tennyson is writing about here, the sheer determination of the Light Brigade. His use of exclamation marks conveys the atmosphere of the charge to the reader. `Men marched asleep. Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod This imagery uses a metaphor in `men marched asleep and also alliteration, to give the slow plodding feel of the soldiers walking on in the ghastly conditions. Use of the words `blood-shod s excellent imagery as it has a meaning that they were shod with blood and the similarity of sounds gives an enhanced mental image of the scene that Owen was recounting. Owens poem does pick up pace when he talks about a gas attack, which contrasts with the rest of the poem, and Tennyson writes briefly about the fact that a mistake had been made, but the soldiers carried on, regardless. `Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! An ecstasy of fumbling, fitting the clumsy helmets just in time; Owen describes the slow plodding side to the war previously, and here contrasts it to the extreme with a gas attack that forces hem all into action. He uses capitals for the word `Gas, showing the pure desperation in which they had to save themselves. Gas was one of the most horrible ways to die, and it was not a swift death, so it was extremely feared among the soldiers, making this section of the poem all the more dramatic and contrasting to the rest of it. He uses the word `ecstasy, which is usually associated with pleasure, but in this case it is the `fumbling, to put on their gas masks, which makes it all the more noticeable and effectual. Tennyson does hint about the mistakes of the generals, and hat the soldiers knew about it, but then he reinforces his point, of patriotism and loyalty, regardless of the cost. Owen focuses on one particular man, who is unfortunate, and treats him as an individual, not the generalisation of Tennyson. `And floundering like a man in fire or lime Here Owen creates a scene of a man who had not fitted his gas mask in time, and is suffering the consequences of the gas attack. He uses the word `floundering to describe the way he is moving in this simile, and gets the reader to visualise a man in fire or lime, a horrible enough image in itself, but that only describes is movement. Not though the soldier knew someone had blundered: Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die: Tennyson gives a glimpse of what had really happened in the battle, and that it was a farce, but then backs it up with one of the most effective sections in the poem, where the repetition of the `Theirs not to and the rhythm of the passage speeds up the whole poem, into a similar frenzy that the soldiers would be worked into by the adrenaline of the battle. They had no say in the orders in those days, and to answer back to a superior was unheard of, you just ollowed your orders, and did not question them. Tennyson uses repetition again to show the odds faced by the brave soldiers, and how they pressed on regardless. Owen recounts his personal view of what happened to a real person, which is very effective as it gets the reader to envision the revulsion felt by the other soldiers, looking on this incident. Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them Volleyed and thundered; Tennyson successfully accentuates the dire predicament that the soldiers are obliged to undertake. He uses the repetition of the hrase, with the same rhythm to underline the hectic feeling of the Light Brigade, as the ride towards their formidable enemy. `Dim through the misty panes and thick green light, As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. Here Owen uses a simile, then goes on to use it as a metaphor. He describes the eerie colour of the gas as `misty panes, and `thick green light, which, combined with the fact that he is in acute pain gives a terrifying and harrowing account of the abhorrent way that men died in the war. The reader gets the impression that Owen feels guilty and helpless, all he can do is be a bystander, and ait for the pitiable man to die. Owen uses astounding onomatopoeic language, among very effective similes and metaphors. Tennyson explains to the world the bravery and courage it took to do what they did. He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning. Owen selection of language is impeccable for its intention, as he uses the word `guttering, to describe the way the man sounded before he died, and it does so remarkably. It is onomatopoeic, and very convincing that it was in fact the final `plunge, of a dying man. He also continues his metaphor of the man `drowning, in the gas. Charging and army, while All the world wondered: Tennyson is writing his poem for the world to read, so in a sense, it is to the reader, without having to directly say it, he implies it. He tells the reader that they charged the army for valour and honour, not because of a well-informed decision, but because they were so dedicated to their cause that they were willing to lay down their lives for their country. He acknowledges that it seems strange to charge an army, when you are armed only with sabres, and you are riding a horse, when they are armed with cannons, but he encourages he reader to join his perspective, that it was a valiant charge, and they should be honoured for it. Tennyson gets the reader to be patriotic too, as he tells of the amazing attack that the Light Brigade made, even with the odds against them. Owen describes the awful disrespect for the dead, which became so because of the normality of somebody dying, which is horrific, that a person can die without anyone bothering or taking the time to be respectful to him. `Plunged in the battery-smoke Right through the line they broke; Cossack and Russian Reeled from the sabre-stroke, Tennyson has already inferred that they were fighting a attle that they were not going to win, but regardless they fought on gallantly. It is very surprising that they did actually break through the Russian line of defence, and it was amazing that they got that far, but colossal losses were made to the Light Brigade, without doing a proportionate amount of damage to the Russians. Tennyson uses three rhyming endings out of four lines, which speeds the pace of the poem up to its maximum, and makes it mirror the frenzied attack on the mighty Russians. The Russians and Cossacks were renowned for their mercilessness and brutality, moreover there were many more Russians han there were Light Brigade. All of this contributes to Tennysons image of how gallant the attack was. If in some smothering dreams you too could pace Behind the wagon we flung him in, And watch his white eyes writhe in his face, Owen uses alliteration to give emphasis to the dream image, of being suffocated and smothered and mauled by the dream, he makes the reader liken this to what he has to endure, recalling all of the horrific scenes of the war, day after day. He challenges the readers to ask themselves if they could walk behind that wagon, and watch his writhing eyes, and knowing that you have no time to pay proper respect o them, moreover it could be you in that wagon next, or your best friend. He uses the word `flung, to show how carelessly the dead were dealt with, and the impersonality with which they had to be treated. The soldiers were desensitised to the horror now, but still the memories, and nightmares remained. This particular incident seems to have been one that particularly affected Owen, and he uses this as an example of how every soldier would have similar ghastly and atrocious recollections of the war that would haunt them for the rest of their lives. It is no longer a recounting of his experiences, but t now involves the reader, and confronts their own views on war. They have to revaluate what they think of war, and whether they would be willing to go themselves, or in most cases send their sons, husbands and fathers. This is hugely effective, for the sheer fact that it is unfeasible to read the poem and not take on board what Owens point is, and that he feels so strongly about it that he has to convey to the general public. Owen uses vivid language to express what he believes to be the reality of war. Tennyson steers attention away from pain and death, and asks that everyone honour them, regardless of whether they ied or not. His hanging face, like devils sick of sin; If you could hear at every jolt, the blood Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs, Owen has already challenged the reader about whether they could be the ones that fling the man into the wagon, then whether they could be the ones that watch him in the wagon, now Owen brings in yet another sense, whether the reader could listen to `the blood come gargling from the froth corrupted lungs, He challenges the reader in so many ways which makes it more efficient at achieving the emotion that he wants the reader to feel. This conveys Owens views of war to he reader skilfully and efficiently. His use of a simile is one of the most effective in the poem; he uses a spiritual and hellish simile, which also incorporates alliteration, to give it a raspy, evil sound. The image created here is truly evil and foul, and I think that this summarises Owens feelings about war quite well, it is now clear to the reader what Owen is trying to communicate, and why. Stormed at with shot and shell, While horse and hero fell, They that had fought so well, Tennyson comments on the prowess of their adversary, as they are still firing at them when they are trying to retreat, and mentions hat soldiers have died, but he uses the word `fell, to take the attention away from the fact that they have died, and he wants the reader to focus on the glory of it all, in addition to that they should be seen as heroes whether they died of not. Tennyson and Owens poems both reach their climaxes in terms of their dramatic language and dev ices. These make the point that each writer is making stick in the minds of the reader. `When can their glory fade? O, the wild charge they made! Here Tennyson uses a rhetorical device, to infer to the public that the glory of the soldiers, dead or alive should never be orgotten. Tennyson glamorises the whole image of war, and makes the glory of it the focal point, without mentioning the pain, suffering and death, which seems to be a large omission in my opinion, as that is a large part of the reality of war. Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud Of vile incurable sores on innocent tongues, Owen uses the word `obscene, which is often used in a different context, but here it makes the point that it is so foul, what he sees before him that he does not even want to look at it. He writes that it is `bitter, which provides a perfect expression of the ay that he feels about this scene. By writing about innocent tongues, he is implying that the men that are fighting the war are innocent; it is th e superiors and government that are the guilty ones, the ones that command the armies. Here, the soldiers have to live with the consequences, rather than the people who are really to blame. Nobody can bring the dead back to life, or undo what has been done, so that is why Owen calls the it `incurable, which is really a main theme of his poem, that what has been done is done, and all this suffering is not even their fault, it is simply paying the price for thers shortcomings. The last lines of each poem summarise perfectly the two views on war held by these two writers. My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et Decorum est Pro patria mori. Owen is fighting the views of such people who think that to go to war is honourable, the exact opposite of the intention of Tennysons poem. He uses irony in his poem, as the title simply means `It is sweet and fitting, where as at the end he clarifies what he really means, and what he really thinks about war. He has experienced war for himself, and does not want others to have such a horrific burden placed upon them without being fully informed of the great hardships to be endured in doing so. He calls it `The old Lie, which is a very strong statement to make against a saying that people genuinely believe in, with which he intentionally shocks the reaHe also says `My friend, this is applicable to everybody, not just to select people, and the reader knows that. `Honour the charge they made! Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred! Tennysons use of exclamation marks makes his point very lear. This poignant ending commands the public to follow his views on war, and instructs them to honour the whole six hundred, whether they returned or not. Tennyson writes with one clear aim, that patriotism is instilled in every person who reads it, and does not doubt his or her country. He uses repetition to make his point all the more clear and concise. His poem is mainly propaganda, and is not supposed to be used as a historical account of the battle, but as a symbol of the bravery of the soldiers, and a monument to their glory, that in Tennysons opinion should never fade.