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Truman s Decision For The Atomic Bomb - 980 Words

â€Å"Life as we know it could change forever. Are other countries making the same bomb? What if it falls into the wrong hands? They would have the power to eliminate whatever they wanted.† Harry S. Truman had the tremendous decision that could and would change life forever. The atomic bomb was not like any other bomb. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, also known as Little boy was the biggest atomic bomb the world has ever seen. Truman made the right choice of choosing to drop the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because it saved lives, caused destruction, and forced surrender. In order to understand Truman’s decision one has to be able to understand the events that lead up to his choice. One of many events that took place was in 1937 when Japan invaded China because the Japanese claimed that Chinese army men fired at them at the Marco Polo bridge causing Japan to do a full invasion on China. China s most important port was taken over and that was Nanking, that s when the rape of Nanking was created. Nanking was a brutal place to be, â€Å"Pregnant women were not to be spared. In several instances, they were raped, then had their bellies split open†(â€Å"Rape of Nanking†). Another horrific happening in rape of Nanking was the Japanese forces Chinese men to rape their own daughters, sons to rape their own moms and brothers to rape their own sisters while the rest of the family watched(â€Å"Rape of Nanking†). To add on to Truman s decision, the United states were over by Honolulu atShow MoreRelatedTruman s Decision On The Drop ping Of The Atomic Bomb996 Words   |  4 PagesAldrin Ubaldo HIS 218-03 Atomic Bomb Paper Presidents Harry Truman’s decision on the dropping of the atomic bomb was the best decision he could make because having another land invasion similar to D-Day of June 1944 would risk more resources and soldiers’ lives on either side. Paul Fussell article states that in PFC E. B. Sledge memoir With the Old Breed at Pelieu and Okinawa. As the U.S military fights closely to the mainland of Japan, the fighting in the surrounding islands in Iwo Jima andRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : President Truman s And America s Hardest Decisions1354 Words   |  6 Pagesprolonged, public, and heated. The decision to drop the atomic bomb was one of President Truman’s and America’s hardest decisions. It would put an end to one of the deadliest wars but take the lives of many innocent people in the process. To this day, people wonder if it was worth it. Despite the controversies and barriers for the decision to drop the bomb in early August 1945, America committed to the total annihilation of Japan. One controversy over the dropping of the bomb is the fact that Japan was notRead MoreTruman and Atomic Bombs649 Words   |  3 Pagesto take a side and then write an editorial on Harry S Truman’s decision to order the dropping of the atom bomb. HARRY S TRUMAN amp; THE DECISION TO ORDER THE DROPPING OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Boom! Boom! Seventy thousands Japanese citizens were perished instantly after the first atomic bomb was dropped in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Japanese still refused to surrender to Allied forces. On August 9, 1945, with the dropping of the second atomic bomb in Nagasaki, where eighty thousands people were vaporizedRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1207 Words   |  5 Pagesdropping of the atomic bombs in Japan was a very helpful source for the United States during the WWII. President Truman, took the responsibility of dropping and creation of the atomic bomb. For the reason that The United States was seeking revenge on Japan for the attack at Pearl Harbor. The atomic bomb caused a high number of innocent Japanese deaths and also awful sickness. The atomic bombs left a big impact in the Japanese empire; also effected the Japanese at the time of the atomic bomb and the generationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question: Wa s it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refusedRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb : A Significant Period Of Time That Molds The United States980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb in Japan President Truman, decision over booming Japan is a significant period of time that molds the United States. The crucial decision that was made on August of 1945, brought World War II to an end. While bringing the WWII to an end, it attracted a lot of debates over the use of the atomic bombs in the war. Even though the WWII has ended decades ago debates still lingers to this point. Having people in both sides of the debates, makes people wonder if the use of the first atomicRead MoreEssay on The Decision of the Century1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Decision of the Century On August 2, 1945, Harry S. Truman made the toughest decision of his life. He knew that if he made the right decision, he would save hundreds of thousands of American lives. In making this decision, he would also be responsible for the deaths of hundreds and thousands of Japanese lives. If he made the wrong decision, the war would drudge on as the death count rose higher and higher as each new battle was fought. Japan would not surrender unconditionally, as theRead MoreEssay Pres, Truman Atomic Bomb Decision1421 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Trumans Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki During World War II the war in Europe ended after the unconditional German surrender at General Eisenhowers Headquarters in Reims, France, May 7, 1945. After the unconditional German surrender in Europe the war shifted to Asia and the Pacific. As the war continued against Japan the Allied forces captured islands such as Iwo Jima and Okinaawa close to Japan brought the Japanese homeland within range of naval and airRead MorePresident Truman: The Reasoning for Dropping the Atomic Bomb1230 Words   |  5 PagesHarry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States of America. He became president because Franklin D. Roosevelt died during his term; Truman was Roosevelt’s Vice President at the time. Truman found himself facing some of the greatest challenges met by any 20th-century president. He discovered in July 1945 that some scientists working for the United States government had successfully tested an atomic bomb in New Mexico. President Truman wanted to use the atomic bo mb to end the war in theRead MorePresident Truman And The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb1280 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history there have been many important decisions made by our presidents that have affected our country for the better and for the worse. Even though people claim that they could have made better judgement calls than what have been decided, no one knows exactly what circumstances the president is under when the decisions have to be made. In the case of President Harry Truman and the dropping of the atomic bomb, many speculators say that it was a great way to resolve the war with Japan while

The Role of Human Resources Management in an Organisation Free Essays

string(66) " in the context of the recently liberalized economic environment\." Introduction- Human resource is considered as the backbone of any organisation. The concept of the Human resource management (HRM) had been debated in the literature. Initially the concept of HRM developed from U. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Human Resources Management in an Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now S.A in the 1960s. It plays vital role in creating organisation. In the recent scenario human resources has added more values in developing country. The Human resource management is very fast growing concept. It has marvellous relevance in the productivity industry. Management of the people and staff practices and policies enable to carry organisation successfully. Human resource management is all about allowing staff to utilise their qualities in order to fulfil their contribution and role of the organisation motive and aim. Good human resource management is very much crucial if organisation want to entice and hold good staff. It also means that an organisation reduces risk to its staff and reputation. Human resources management can also reduce organisation cost. For example, good recruitment processes and policies mean that organisation can recruit more staff that can carry their jobs very efficiently. On the counter part, good system for performance management mean that organisatio n has to ensure that they are achieving best from their staff. Human resource management included all management practices and decisions which may stimulus the employees. The Human Resources Management (HRM) included all activities like training; recruiting, satisfying employee’s needs and also confirming personnel and management practise. HRM also comprise managing an approach to provide compensation and benefits of employee. Evolution of the Human Resource function DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HRM AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT- Although both human resource management (HRM) and personnel management focus on people management, if we examine critically, there are many differences between them. Some are listed HRM, on the contrary, encourages organizations to look beyond pay for functional duties. Here, the pay is designed to encourage continuous job performance and improvement which is linked to value-added incentives such as gain sharing schemes, group profit sharing and individual incentive plans. The job design is no more functional based but teamwork and cyclical based. HRM creates a new approach towards job design such as job rotation which is inter and intra-departmental based and job enlargement which encourages one potential and capable individual to take on more tasks to add value to his/her job and in return enjoy added incentives and benefits. Organisation Structure and HRM strategy- Air-India is always well know importance of human resources and it HR polices are mainly focusing on best service in the airline industry. With the concentration on the same, Air-India also goes for campus recruitment from the colleges or universities to recruit young students for the company. The following the key factors for HR committee: Employee’s growth strategy Confinement and attraction strategies for worker To motivate learning within the company Human resource management department responsibilities can be broadly classified by individual, organizational, and career areas. Individual management entails helping employees identify their strengths and weaknesses; correct their shortcomings; and make their best contribution to the enterprise. These duties are carried out through a variety of activities such as performance reviews, training, and testing. Organizational development, meanwhile, focuses on fostering a successful system that maximizes human (and other) resources as part of larger business strategies. This important duty also includes the creation and maintenance of a change program, which allows the organization to respond to evolving outside and internal influences. The third responsibility, career development, entails matching individuals with the most suitable jobs and career paths within the organization. Human resource management functions are ideally positioned near the theoretic centre of the organization, with access to all areas of the business. Since the HRM department or manager is charged with managing the productivity and development of workers at all levels, human resource personnel should have access to and the support of key decision makers. In addition, the HRM department should be situated in such a way that it is able to effectively communicate with all areas of the company. HRM structures vary widely from business to business, shaped by the type, size, and governing philosophies of the organization that they serve. But most organizations organize HRM functions around the clusters of people to be helped they conduct recruiting, administrative, and other duties in a central location. Different employee development groups for each department are necessary to train and develop employees in specialized areas, such as sales, engineering, marketing, or executive education. In contrast, some HRM departments are completely independent and are organized purely by function. The same tra ining department, for example, serves all divisions of the organization. In recent years, however, observers have cited a decided trend toward fundamental reassessments of human resources structures and positions. â€Å"A cascade of changing business conditions, changing organizational structures, and changing leadership has been forcing human resource departments to alter their perspectives on their role and function almost over-night,† wrote John Johnston in Business Quarterly. â€Å"Previously, companies structured themselves on a centralized and compartmentalized basis?head office, marketing, manufacturing, shipping, etc. They now seek to decentralize and to integrate their operations, developing cross-functional teams. Today, senior management expects HR to move beyond its traditional, compartmentalized ‘bunker’ approach to a more integrated, decentralized support function.† Given this change in expectations, Johnston noted that â€Å"an increasingly common trend in human resources is to decentralize the HR function and ma ke it accountable to specific line management. This increases the likelihood that HR is viewed and included as an integral part of the business process, similar to its marketing, finance, and operations counterparts. However, HR will retain a centralized functional relationship in areas where specialized expertise is truly required,† such as compensation and recruitment responsibilities. Key HRM activities of Air-India Organization The employment relationship Resourcing Utilisation The changing role of the Human resources Management- Human Resources Management Models- By using the core concept of the HRM there are mainly five basic models which are used in practise. The assessment is lead in the context of the recently liberalized economic environment. You read "The Role of Human Resources Management in an Organisation" in category "Essay examples" The five models of HRM namely ‘Matching model, Harvard model, Contextual, 5-P model and European model identifies the main research question developing from these that can be used to highlight the HRM practices. Harvard Framework Model of the Human resources Management- The model shows and characterizes as a real actor which is capable of making some degree of the same contribution which is related to the corporate objective within the organizational constraints. The framework of Harvard model mainly has five components which are mainly The situational factors which influence the management of HR strategy. This model involves workforce characteristics management philosophy factors. According to Beer et al (1958), In the Human resources management policies, Stakeholders interests are the very important. To satisfy the stakeholder HRM should be responsible and if they failed to do so then they have to face some problems. Air-India had faced some problems in their past. HRM of Air-India had developed a new policy with the government and also they fulfilled the expectation of stakeholders. Policies of HRM select and totally focus upon the management actions and decision in the HR management which can be appreciated on the bases of result from an interaction between choices and constraints. Air-India sees to that polices that are being implemented should be approachable to the employee. Regular feedback should be made in the company through the different mediums. Human resource outcomes are highly employee commitment to organizational goals. Individual performance is the leading to the cost effectiveness of product and the services. As mentioned above paragraph the HRM is in this Air-India organization is participating in six major areas. By Optimizing the success of the Air-India’s Service through effective management and the development of the most valuable employees is responsibility of HRM. The Harvard Framework model helps in maintaining good relations of HRM with the other department of management which includes decision making also. The strength of this model is that the classification of input and outcome of societal level and organizational level creates the basic for an analysis of comparative HRM. The weakness of this model is the absences of coherent theoretical basics for measuring the relationship between HRM performance and outcomes. Guest Model- David guest (1989) has advanced a more rigid conjectural framework, which reflects set of incorporated HRM practices cab achieve superior individual and organizational performance. The central theory of guest model is that if an integrated set of HRM practices is applied in rational fashion, with a view to achieve the normative goals of high commitment, high quality and task flexibility, then a superior individual performance will result. This model has six of its components: The Guest model (1989) is prescriptive in the sense that it is based on the assumption that HRM it is distinctively different from traditional personnel management (rooted in strategic management, etc.).It is idealistic, implicitly embodying the belief that fundamental elements of the HRM approach such as commitment have a direct relationship with valued business consequences. However, Guest (1989) has acknowledged that the concept of commitment is ‘messy’ and that the relationship betw een commitment and high performance is difficult to establish. It also employs a ‘flow’ approach, seeing strategy underpinning practice, leading to a variety of desired outcomes. Like its American predecessors, this UK model is unitary (tying employee behaviour and commitment into the goals of strategic management) and lukewarm on the value of trade unions. The employee relationship is viewed as one between the individual and the organization. However it is being argued that the guest model does not identify the key difference between HRM and personnel management namely a shift from a hands on, fire fighting approach to a planning function of a company as being a part of the overall corporate strategy. Air-India continuously monitors its employees and sees that they are satisfied with the policies and their feedback is taken into the account for every policy that changes it makes. Other critics had observed that the guest model may simply be an ideal type towards which western organizations can move. Human resource management at organisational level- Human resource management consists of many aspects. Few organisations may feel overcome and uncertain about where to start making enhancements. This case is mainly for the organisation that do not have department which is precisely responsible for human resources management. There are many aids in human recourses management of having ownership with staff members. For example, the organisation can be kept informed on legal matters. A synchronized method can be taken with favour with practice and policy. This may help to ensure that the organisation have reasonable and reliable behaviour towards its staff. They have access to assistance on the issues which are related to the staff. Payments are fair and reliable. Good practice and strategy can be put in place. This enables best people to be recruited. Functions of HRM at the Time of Austerity: Human resource planning (HRP) is where the HRM professionals or management predict the need for new work forced based on the vacancy that exits or which is predicted for the future Recruitment Selection- Recruitment and selection play very vital role process and it is important to select the best staff for the organisation. This guide sets out best practices to assist in making process effective. The success of HRM is based on recruitment selection of employees of an organisation. The quality of the service is mainly influenced by recruitment and service of the organisation. At the time austerity, Air-India started internal recruitment which was very effective tool in the recession. As Air-India needs to cut jobs and best aptitudes in the company can be offered challenges and new jobs opportunities. The organisation has set the job openings and the employees can compete for the defined job position. But the internal recruitment is not safe for all the employees it is only safe for those who want to get a new job challenge in the company. At the time of recession internal recruitment process in Air-India was very congested. The Human resources management have managed the full proce ss open and transparent. All the Applications were managed and the employees got the feedback from the job interview. After this Air- India designed whole recruitment process as temporary and healthy and all applications were recorded carefully as result of that there was no mess and no complain from employees in the whole process. The internal recruitment process helps to the company to reinforce it talents and capabilities at the time of austerity as the employees move to the better job position. Performance structure ropes an integrated human resource strategy which helps the accomplishment of business and organizational goals. In every organisation performance appraisals is plays vital role for their future organizational growth organisation must ensure to implements a comprehensible feedback process to their employees. At Air-India the Human Recourses team appraise the performance linked to the Air-India’s organisation goal by providing goal and also by there working strategy for their future growth. Performance management system comprises Performance appraisal is an important way to ensure that the organization implements a comprehensible feedback process for its employees in order to promote personal and organizational future development. Most high-performing organizations have procedures in place to offer structured response of all employees on a regular basis as a means of capturing the effectiveness of individual performance. Revision of employee performance will help the organization to get involved in this crucial process of managing employees more fairly and effectively. Training Development- Most of the organisation focuses on the training to their employees with the help the proper resources to achieve company’s goal. Air-India designated right person to motive for its training programme and start its development and training services. Air-India concentrated on biennial training strategy to include funding required for the plan and an strategy for fulfilling the goal, objective and the procedures. Recommendation- For any organization no matter how big or small there is always room for improvement in HR. following are my suggestions Performance feedback- managers should meet individually with staff once is 3 months and provide a feedback on the particular staff members performance and suggest improvements that could be, made before the next meeting Clearly defined expectation from the staff managers to make it clear to employees on what is expected from them on a regular basis. Regular absenteeism managers should do a counselling with staff and find out if the employee has any grievances or job dissatisfaction which is causing the absenteeism. Defining career development goals motivating staff by showing them what they are working for and that they have a clear achievable career path with Air-India. Performance appraisal as an on-going thing rather than an annual thing. Setting S.M.A.R.T objectives for staff this should be set in direct alignment to Air-India corporate objectives. Authorised leave at the beginning on the year to provide staff leave forms that must be handed back within a given deadline so that holidays won’t affect the business and adequate staff to cover the shift. Constantly review HR procedures and policy to make sure it is up-to-date with the law and its suitability for HR. Training development managers to identify staff training and development needs and to work with HR department to ensure these needs are met Conclusion Human resources are a key element in the success or failure of monitoring programmes to meet their objectives. Without an adequate strategy to develop the human resources available and attract high calibre staff, monitoring programmes rapidly stagnate. Whilst poor quality of staff in water quality monitoring programme may reflect a wider difficulty in attracting staff to the sector, every effort should be made to invest in staff at all levels. Human resources development should encompass a much wider remit than training and should address issues such as career structures and professional development. It should also provide all levels of staff with the support and framework within which to function effectively and efficiently. Human resource management play a vital role in achieving organizational goals through HR planning and managing performance. In this assignment I have discuss different rolls of HRM in selected organization (Air-India).HRM not only responsible for HR planning and decision making. Through recruitment, training and development HRM selects best employees for organization which play its role to achieve strategic goals. Through HRM performance appraisal which makes an organization more efficient. It does not only focus on the overall strategic goal of an organisation, but also manage its human capital also helps in keep track on globalization and the effects or benefits it could have and at the same time have to monitor and updating the organizations HR policies and procedures. The HR department must not only attract, recruit, selecting and train and develop the workforce but also helps in monitoring through different methods. 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Stress Reduction & Prevention in Workplace-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain the Concept of Coaching and how it differs from Mentoring and other learning and development methods. 2.Explain the Concept of Mentoring and the nature of the relationship between Mentor and Mentee. Answers: 1.The essentials of Coaching and Mentoring Concept of Coaching and Mentoring Coaching and Mentoring are essential procedures, it can be applied in various zones such as athletic teams, in the setting of workplace and academic institutions. In many organization, Coaching and Mentoring are considered to be the most effective techniques for the development of the employees, for all the levels (Exforsys. 2010). Coaching can be defined as the procedure of assisting the development and learning of individual, to improve performance and skills (Knight, 2008). Mentoring can be defined as the procedure of improving the knowledge of individual, point of view and efficiency of work. It also help in increasing the potential of individual for this it is not important that your mentor is your boss (Nigro, 2007). Coaching and Mentoring different from other Learning and Development methods Learning and Development methods involve Training, Counseling, Self-evaluation, discussion with individuals, Workplace skill assessment, observing the team, etc. Coaching and Mentoring is different from the methods of Learning and Development, such as methods of Learning and development are time consuming but on the other hand coaching and mentoring take less time, Leaning and development methods are used for the new employees for example training program for the new joiners but Coaching and Mentoring can be done of the existing employees, methods of learning and development focus on the development of new skills on the other side coaching and mentoring work on the existing skills (ACCIPIO. 2014). Potential benefits of Coaching and Mentoring There are many benefits of coaching and mentoring some of them are discussed here- Benefits Coaching for Coach- Coaching provide satisfaction to the coach for helping others and builds strong personal and professional relationship (The coaching academy. 2015). Benefits of Coaching for Coachee- the person who is being coached gets satisfaction of the work and work become interesting for him (Somers, 2011). Benefits of mentoring for Mentor- Mentor gets encouraged to share his knowledge that increases sense of self-worth of the mentor and mentor learn the knowledge of other area or department (Management Mentors. 2015). Benefit of mentoring for Mentee- self-confidence of the mentee increases and help mentee to better understand the culture of organization. Types of Coaching Performance Coaching- Activities of Coaching are focused towards improving the performance of an individual in the work which they are presently performing so that they can bring productivity in their work. Skills Coaching- Core skills of the employees are focused in skills coaching type that are essential for performing their task or role. It offers an adaptive, just-in-time and flexible methods for development of the skills. Coaching programs are personalized for specific individual for achieving the objective of skill development that are related to the organization. Career Coaching- In this activities of coaching are focused towards the career of the individual and feedback of the coach on the individuals capabilities is the part of the career options discussion. The results of the process should be personal change, clarity (Brefi group. 2015). Directive and Non-directive styles of Coaching Directive style of Coaching- In this this style of coaching method, the coach is said to be the sessions master. Coach work is to give instructions, action plans, decision making and many more. Learner work is to follow the instructions given by the coach and obey the provided solution. Even, the coach give feedback in the way that he/she is giving the instructions. The process of this style is flexible and it is also known as autocratic style. Non-directive style of Coaching- The procedure of challenging and supporting the coachee to think and solve their own problems is known as Non-directive coaching. This style of coaching is not considered as advising or teaching (Growing Talent. 2017). Stages in a one-to-one Coaching process There are 6 stages in One-to-one Coaching process and they are- Analyze the present position of the client, help client in defining their objectives, help client in creating a plan for achieving goals, identify strengths and weaknesses of the client, help client in improving their surroundings for success and help client to overcome self-doubts. Role of Coach- Advisor, Counselor, Guide, Teacher, Role Model, Motivator, Supporter and Planner. Role of Coachee- Learning goal orientation, pre-training motivation, feedback receptivity and developing self-efficacy. Mentoring: Nature and Process A mentor, in relation to a mentee, is an individual with higher designation professionally or in an organization, who have good work experience, knowledge and is committed towards the growth of mentees career. Mentor act as a role model for the mentee that offers commitment to the mentee. Mentor follow various activity with the mentee for his development. There are four steps in the process of mentoring, they are- Planning of the mentoring and identifying the mentor, Meeting with the mentor and construction the relationship, Mid-phase meeting where goals are developed and success is achieved and ending the relationship between mentor and mentee. Role of Mentor- source of encouragement, champion, advisor, person with resources. Role of Mentee- Absorb the knowledge of mentor, learning ambition and demonstrate and practice learning. Models and Techniques of Coaching and Mentoring The GROW model is used to provide a structure to the sessions of coaching and mentoring, it is known as a powerful framework. Full form of GROW is Goal, Reality, Options and Will. GROW model help mentor or coach to plan the sessions or journey. Initially goal is decided, then we find out the current position or reality, finding out the options and then follow the route and it will to face the obstacles in the way of success (Performance consultants. 2015). FUEL is another model used in coaching and mentoring. There are four steps in this model- Frame, Understand, Explore and Lay. First we frame the conversation, then we understand the present situation, find the path for achieving goals and then follow the success plan. Techniques used in coaching and mentoring are effective questioning and feedback. The coachee or mentee may find hard to talk about the weaknesses in front of a stranger so questioning help to identify what mentee need? Feedback helps in improving the skills. Recording Recording the activities of Coaching and Mentoring is very important to demonstrate the goals and how to follow the route towards achieving the goals. It helps in tracking the progress of the client and increases accountability. The responsibility of the coach or mentor is to choose the correct method of record keeping it can be done by the regular practice. It provide the evidence that consideration is provided to the client and how much the client have achieved. Coaching and mentoring develop the life-long learning. Coaching and mentoring activities must be recorded in the computer database involving the details of the client. All the details that are recorded must be signed, dated and written in ink. The information must be objective, relevant and concise. Entries must reflect the coaching and should be updated regularly according to the progress of the client. Example of recording by using the GROW model Goal Goal is to perform excellent on the new software implemented in the job as want to continue the job. Reality Being the in charge of operation department since one year- received rating 4 out of 5. Presently working on the new software and able to take the rating of 3 out of 5. Rating has come down due to not understanding the software properly. Want help in improving the performance and understanding the software properly. Options Work on the software and need time to improve the performance. Can take the help of the person who is able to do the good work on the software. Will 1. Go through the details of the software and try to learn the terms and understand them. 2. Find out different ways to work on the software and make it a life-long learning. 3. Focus on saving the time while working on the software. 2.Basic use of the techniques of Coaching Effective questioning- Asking the wrong question will provide the wrong answer and will not receive what you wanted. For effective communication it is important to ask the right question and can exchange the information. Skills of communication can be improved by asking the right question (Leonard, 2017). For example- If we will receive the proper information then we can help someone properly. Questions can be open ended and closed ended. Open ended question receive long answers and detail of the topic and on the other hand closed ended question provide answers in one word or short answer. Feedback- In many organization employees are not allowed to provide their feedback or rarely they get chance to provide their feedback. Feedback is very important for the improvement and development of the organization. Mentors and coaches are the one who help in providing the necessary feedback. Positive feedback leads to the motivation and increases the productivity of the work done by the employee. Negative feedback analyze the areas that need to be improved and also include suggestions. Receiving regular feedback form the coach and mentors not only improve the performance of the employee but also give them the motivation to work hard (Zeiger, 2017) References ACCIPIO. 2014. Training, Coaching and Mentoring Differences. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.accipio.com/eleadership/mod/wiki/view.php?id=1794 Brefi group. 2015. Types of coaching. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.brefigroup.co.uk/coaching/types_of_coaching.html Exforsys. 2010. What is Coaching and Mentoring? Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.exforsys.com/career-center/coaching-mentoring/what-is-coaching-and-mentoring.html Growing Talent. 2017. Coaching skills. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://growingtalent.eu/coaching-skills/ Knight, J. 2008. Coaching: Approaches and Perspectives. New York: Corwin Press, pp. 7-31. Leonard, I. 2017. The Art of Effective Questioning: Asking the right question for the desired result. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.coachingforchange.com/pub10.html Management Mentors. 2015. 25 Benefits of Mentoring. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.management-mentors.com/resources/benefits-of-mentoring Nigro, N. 2007. The Everything Coaching and Mentoring Book: How to increase productivity, foster talent, and encourage success. New York: Simon and Schuster. Performance consultants. 2015. The GROW Model. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.performanceconsultants.com/grow-model Somers, M. 2011. The benefits of coaching for the coachee. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.mattsomers.com/the-benefits-of-coaching-for-the-coachee/ The coaching academy. 2015. The benefits of becoming a coach. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://www.the-coaching-academy.com/blog/the-benefits-of-becoming-a-coach-702.asp Zeiger, S. 2017. Strategies and Techniques for Mentoring and Coaching. Accessed on: 2 November 2017. Accessed from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/strategies-techniques-mentoring-coaching-23317.html

Motor Vehicle Industry

Summary The motor vehicle industry mainly concerns itself with manufacturing and selling of motor vehicles and all the related parts to users. Motor vehicles have gradually continued to grow in their usefulness, influencing demand from the markets as users seek to gain from the additional features and technology that manufacturers introduce in their numerous designs and models.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motor Vehicle Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At present, motor vehicles come with many added features that seek to address different areas of concern, including safety, security, and efficiency. The trend, however, has been reduced costs for acquisition of such improved vehicles as the industry targets to improve profits while maintaining lean costs. However, the industry experiences numerous challenges that threaten to derail the gains that have been achieved over the years. Motor vehicles m ainly depend on oil for their running, which is a challenge for the industry because global crude oil prices have been increasing almost on a daily basis (TheCapitol.Net 183). This makes it expensive to own and run a vehicle. The global financial crisis has further reduced the demand levels as more potential buyers and users have been electing to invest their money on other assets rather than buying vehicles. Changing customer tastes and preferences have equally been putting manufacturers on continuous strategy development and improvisation as efforts are pursued to beat competition and maintain profit levels. This case write-up seeks to illustrate some solutions that manufacturers have adopted in addressing the problems that afflict the industry. Firstly, the paper will explore on the changes in manufacturing strategy currently being witnessed, which includes the shift towards the developing economies in as far as locating manufacturing plants is located. Secondly, the paper will e xplore on the new changes in production systems that mainly aim at achieving efficiency and eliminating over dependence on oil. Lastly, the paper provides recommendations that vehicle manufacturer can adopt as a perfect way of tackling the challenges that they encounter in their activities. Strategic Analysis SWOT Analysis of the Industry Strengths The industry boasts of an expansive product line. Different manufacturers are dealing in varied brands, which enable the companies to spread their risks. Thus, poor performance affecting a particular brand may not necessarily affect an entire company (U.S. International Trade Commission xxxi).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With increased competition among the various manufactures, the industry has generally developed manufacturing competence to sustain the competition. This has increased the quality of the manufactured vehi cles and, thus, acted as a surety to the buyers that the products they buy are worth the value of their money. To further sustain the intense competition, players have improved on their research and development skills, as well as leadership. This has seen quality products being released to the market, and which match the expectations and needs of the customers accurately. The motor vehicle industry enjoys reputable brand names that have been in existence for many years. Such brand names are interpreted to mean high skills, long-term expertise, and reliable experience, which cannot be affected easily by changing market trends and patterns. Thus, more customers continue to have trust in the companies (U.S. International Trade Commission xxxii). Weaknesses Fast changing customer tastes have effectively made products to be obsolete and have narrow product lines. This makes it costly for the companies as they continuously engage in strategy formulation to achieve a perfect match between the products they manufacture and the market expectations. Costs of manufacturing have been increasing with expanded production owing to the rising cost of the raw materials. The industry relies on different raw materials for the production of motor vehicles, including aluminum, glass, and rubber. The prices of these materials have been increasing over time, thus equally increasing the cost of production for the industries that rely on such materials, like the motor vehicle manufacturing industry. Customer goodwill has been declining for industry players who fail to maintain positive performance. GM and Chrysler, for instance, are likely to have lost some level of customer goodwill in the wake of their bankruptcies following the biting global financial crisis. This has also contributed to their struggling performance even after the economy is on its recovery path. With the industry pursuing portfolio management as a strategy of keeping pace with the market and competition pressures, there is the danger of poor performance as a result of bad portfolio management. Companies are focusing on pursuing too many portfolios, which in turn posses the danger of losing focus and encountering losses.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Motor Vehicle Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Opportunities Motor vehicle manufacturers have the potential of expanding their core businesses to include other areas, such as motorcycle or ship engine manufacturing. This could help in increasing demand especially at a time when their core business demands are low. The industry has the potential of widening the product range as research and development activities lead to new products. This helps in spreading risk over a wider selection of products. Industry players have the potential of vertically integrating forward and backward, thus eliminating challenges and limitations of relying on suppliers and distribut ors. This increases efficiency and also lowers chances of experiencing unwarranted delays. The trend in the industry has been that of making acquisitions, particularly with the best performing companies buying out those facing difficulties. This helps the companies in achieving additional markets and thus increasing their chances of making huge profits. Threats There is growing competition, especially within the domestic market, as foreign manufacturers establish their operations in different countries. The foreign market is also experiencing high competition as manufacturers from different countries target the international market for their operations. Consumer tastes are gradually changing over very short periods. This is forcing manufacturers to endlessly engage in strategy planning and development, which is costly and time consuming. It also leads to losses due to delayed sales that occur as a result of the market not wishing to acquire vehicles they consider outdated. Barriers to market entry are also being lessened throughout the world as most countries enter into international market treaties. This forces them to lessen the entry protection mechanisms, thus providing foreign companies with an opportunity to exploit the markets. Changes in economic factors are affecting the industry’s demand, with the global recessions lowering market demands for motor vehicles. Such recessionary patterns push manufacturers into debts and also limit their production capacities. Nature of Problems Changing customer tastes Buyers of motor vehicles often base their purchase decisions on various aspects, which make up their tastes. These purchase decisions are not permanent and keep on changing with time (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 65). Because manufacturers have to make quick sales in order to achieve their desired profits, it is important that they study the market trends carefully and design vehicles that will accurately reflect on the customer demands and wis hes. This entails a lot of activity, including conducting market research and designing strategies to enable their products attract higher demands.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, with the short-lived customer tastes, it becomes difficult for the manufacturers to fully address them. Once the companies clear their research and design the vehicles to specifications, they realize the tastes have shifted. In essence, this causes their vehicles to stay for long as finished stock in the warehouses and on the floor shops without being purchased. In other instances, the prices are forced to be lowered in order to raise demand for such products. American motor vehicles manufacturers, mainly GM, Chrysler, and Ford, concentrated on the manufacture of sports utility vehicles, SUV, and light trucks because the local market preferred this type of vehicles. With the growth for these companies mainly relying on the sale of SUVs and light trucks, the market changed its taste and preferences as most buyers opted for the small passenger vehicles that were mainly manufactured by foreign companies. This decision was mainly informed by the fact that the SUVs consume a lot of fuel, which is not economically viable at a time when oil prices are increasing at alarming rates. This change of market preferences and consumer tastes has in particular been responsible for the slow recovery of the American leading manufacturers, especially GM and Chrysler (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 65). Global economic patterns Global economic patterns are highly fluctuating and are very difficult to be predicted accurately. This subjects the car manufacturing companies to highly risky business environment because any abrupt changes could affect their production and profit levels. Economic recessions, in particular, have negative effects to the operations of car manufacturers as they diminish the buying capability of users, thereby reducing on the market demand levels. As the overall market demand declines, companies are also forced to cut down on their production capacities in order to control the likelihood of running at losses. This involves cutting down jobs, closin g down on a number of manufacturing units, and borrowing funds from governments to assist in mitigating the crisis. With production having been at normal prior to the onset of such recessionary patterns, it means the finished vehicles already released to distributors and showrooms will take longer before being purchased. The longer these products remain at the shops the more the costs also increase. Eventually, this pushes the manufacturers into losses and makes it difficult for them to recover even after the recessionary periods recede and markets demands increase to normal. Rising cost of oil Global prices have a huge bearing on the purchase decisions that customers make in as far as their acquisition of motor vehicles is concerned. Thus, the ever rising global prices for the commodity has posed a challenge to the motor vehicle industry, especially given that many vehicle engines rely on oil to run. As a remedy to the challenge, industry players have constantly been engaging in re search to find alternative energy sources that can be able to power their vehicles. Such research findings have determined other viable alternatives, including the manufacture of hybrid vehicles that are set to lower the overdependence on oil as the main energy source. However, these researches are expensive for the car manufacturers as they require a lot of time and expertise. Equally challenging is the fact that vehicles running on a fuel cell require hydrogen that combines with oxygen in order to run. However, there are very few hydrogen stations, which make the alternative less viable. Liquid hydrogen can only be stored in very low temperatures, thus making this option further less attractive for the industry. A different alternative has been developed in which lithium ion batteries that are rechargeable are used to power vehicles. This alternative, too, faces its own drawbacks as the batteries can hardly retain their charge for significant durations. With these ventures being c omparatively expensive, these types of vehicles are expensive to acquire and would still discourage the buyers from purchasing them. Rising competition The motor vehicle industry and market has been experiencing increased competition from the varied players as the scramble for purchasers continue. In particular, most countries have reduced the entry barriers that previously locked out foreign companies from competing with their local manufacturers. In essence, more foreign companies have gained access to other national markets, including establishing manufacturing in such markets to maintain their production costs at minimum levels. Japan’s Toyota motor manufacturing company, for instance, has gained a foothold of the American domestic market following the company’s entry into the market. This has seen the company establish several manufacturing units within the USA to make their operations easier. The market share for the American companies, GM, Ford, and Chrysler, ha s particularly waned with the introduction of mainly Japanese and European manufacturing plants. Subsequently, the foreign manufacturers now enjoy a bigger market USA auto mobile market share, thus piling more challenges to the home companies. Control Systems Extending activities into the developing world Vehicle manufacturers have particularly embraced the idea of extending their operations into the developing world to address some of the challenges that continue to afflict the industry. The main reasoning behind such a move is to target the huge market in such countries, including China, India, Brazil, and Russia, which have high populations. The developing world, despite the fact that it also registered a decline in demand levels for motor vehicles during the global financial crisis, was not as worse of as the developed markets. Thus, the slight drop in demand levels has given hope to the manufacturers from the developed world that the markets can offer substantial ground for gro wth. In addition, the cost of operation in the developing world is also comparatively low. The huge population makes it easy to acquire labor at very cheap rates. This translates to high efficiency for the companies as they are able to save significant costs and thus improve on their profitability. Integrating advanced technology in manufacturing The industry is adopting the use of advanced technology in order to address the problem of overreliance on oil for running vehicle engines. The new technologies have seen the introduction and release of hybrid type of vehicles that use alternative sources of energy. The vehicles use batteries and hydrogen as an alternative to oil and can be recharged as the vehicles run on oil. New technologies have also seen companies achieve fast and reliable production capacities that do not delay the production cycle. This is significant for the companies because the finished vehicles take only few days between the start of manufacturing and the market release date. The technological advancements also aid the production of different product models using the same production plants and materials. Restructuring supply functions Most industry players are restructuring their supply departments to achieve high efficiency. Such restructure programs include spurning off the supply department such that it operates independently. This program achieves efficiency because the restructured supply organization cleanly understands the internal operations and production patterns of the main company. Production by order Motor vehicle manufacturers are attempting to tie their production to specific orders by the market rather that mass production of their products. This seeks to gain the automatic market demands while eliminating cases where vehicle products stay for long at the distributor and shop locations without being purchased. External Industry Environment Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Buyers’ bargaining power Buyers have a mod erate bargaining power. This is because the global population, which forms the industry’s market, is huge and provides a wider alternative for the manufacturers. There are also varied manufacturers who target the same global market with their varied products (Grant 112). Suppliers’ bargaining power The supplier bargaining power in the motor vehicle industry is also moderate. Most of the manufacturing companies are huge and have capacity to achieve forward integration. However, suppliers of other important material parts still enjoy some level of monopoly over the manufacturers. Barriers to market entry The level of market entry barriers is high. The motor vehicle industry relies on high capital amounts to set up operations. Equally, the market has more trust on brand names and customer loyalty, which a new company may find difficult to acquire and build over a short term. Rivalry and competition There level of rivalry and competition is intense. Different manufacturers are competing with each other in order to acquire significant market shares. This has seen manufacturers establish operation units in different regions of the world in order to achieve low production costs and market customization. Threat of substitute products The threat of substitute products in the industry is high. Many manufacturers are increasingly relying on market tastes and preferences to manufacture their products. Thus, different products from varying manufacturers resemble each other and could easily be picked by customers as a perfect substitute for their brands (Grant 115). Solutions and Recommendations The industry needs to spend more in the area of research and development. Although companies are sending more in this area, additional spending should be encouraged as a way of creating competitive advantages over competitors. As competition increases, companies can only develop their competitive edge by undertaking continuous research and development activities in ord er to keep up to date with the market expectations and preferences. Equally, technology is constantly changing and without maintaining pace with it, the companies may not be able to achieve the advantage of efficiency and high quality that comes with it. Having an elaborate research and development strategy will enable manufacturing companies to work on alternatives that may address effectively the challenges of over relying on oil fuel as the main source of power for motor vehicles. It will also come in handy in addressing the challenge of changing market preferences by exploring on other viable alternatives, such as pursuing special manufacture by market order. Production in some countries is too expensive and is not viable at all. Manufacturers, therefore, need to consider the cheap production countries in the world and relocate their production there to maintain minimal production costs. Production of motor vehicles in the USA, for example, is not viable because of the added cos ts that are involved. Companies need to pay high costs in maintaining their pension workers, which eventually increases the cost of production. Companies, such as the GM, Chrysler, or Ford, may consider transferring their labor intensive processes to such developing countries as China or India, which have considerably low labor rates. Other processes that require a lot of mechanization, such as vehicle assembly can remain in the USA owing to the country’s extensive industrialization. This will reduce the production costs significantly for the companies, and enable them sell their finished products at highly competitive prices. Companies should consider expanding their product portfolios in order to spread their risks and thus cushion themselves from such threats as bankruptcy. Even though the core business for a vehicle manufacturer involves designing and producing vehicles, relying too much on this one business can prove to be dangerous. Apart from introducing several motor vehicle brands under one manufacturer, players can consider exploring the manufacture of other closely related products, like motorcycles, power generators, or mechanized sawing machines. The market demand for such products is independent of each other and thus a manufacturer can be assured of a different market in case one product type struggles with poor market demands. The variety of products should be different but employ similar technology in order to make it easy for the company to enhance its performance in the other product areas. Works Cited Grant, Robert. Contemporary Strategy Analysis: Text Only. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2010. Print. TheCapitol.Net, Inc. Recession, Depression, Insolvency, Bankruptcy, and Federal Bailouts. Alexandria, VA: TheCapitol.Net, 2009. Print. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Career Guide to Industries, 2006-07. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labour, 2006. Print. U.S. International Trade Commission. Foundry Products: Competitive Conditions in the U.S. Market, Inv. 332-460. Washington, D.C.: U.S. International Trade Commission, 2005. Print. This case study on Motor Vehicle Industry was written and submitted by user Marley Beach to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature

A Look at Feminist Utopia and Dystopia Literature Feminist Utopia Feminist utopia is a type of social science fiction. Usually, a feminist utopia novel envisions a world in stark contrast to patriarchal society. Feminist utopia imagines a society without gender oppression, envisioning a future or an alternate reality where men and women are not stuck in traditional roles of inequality. These novels are often set in worlds where men are entirely absent. Feminist Dystopia Often, a feminist science fiction novel is more of a dystopia. Dystopic science fiction imagines a world gone terribly wrong, exploring the most extreme possible consequences of current society’s problems. In a feminist dystopia, the inequality of society or oppression of women is exaggerated or intensified to highlight the need for change in contemporary society. Explosion of a Subgenre There was a great increase in feminist utopian literature during the second-wave feminism of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Feminist science fiction is often seen as more concerned with societal roles and power dynamics than the technological advances and space travel of â€Å"typical† science fiction. Examples Early feminist utopias: City of Ladies by Christine de Pizan  Herland by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Contemporary feminist utopia novels: Works by Marge PiercyThe Wanderground by Sally Miller Gearhart Feminist dystopia novels: Walk to the End of the World by Suzy McKee CharnasThe Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood There are also many books, such as Joanna Russ’ The Female Man, that explore both utopia and dystopia.

A needs orientated approach to care

This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used collaboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effect ive this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient. The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that â€Å"Personalized care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances† with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being’.It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can be d ocumented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individuals needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and its up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different speciailties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a major f actor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE) as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is fundamental to gaining all the information required about the patient in order to give the best possible care. â€Å"Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan† (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that although every AL is important some are more important than o ther and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). â€Å"Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan† (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship. A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all hav e an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I endened up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather e nough objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. This is where Barrett et al (2009) state that there should be a systematic nursing diagnosis where nurses establish a nursing diagnosis rather than just a medical diagnosis. This is where the holistic needs of a patient are taken into consideration. Although nursing diagnosis differs from a medical diagnosis the two do interlink but a nursing diagnosis considers the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of the medical diagnosis and problems that may arise from these. Another part of the systematic nursing diagnosis is to provide baselines to state where the patients are at at the present time so that a needs statement can be written in conjunction with the patient in terminology that they can understand(Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. These goals need to contain both subjective goals and objective goals in order for them to be measurable and evaluated. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones. It also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Planning needs to be totally individualized and patient centered they need to feel they have a voice and part of the team. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, i ndividualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan. The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as rea sonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. The main component of the implementation stage is the delivery of the care to the patient. This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983).Implementation provides great emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. Individualis ed care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm. Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. Diamond (2008) states that there are also legal and ethical issues when it comes to implementing care as consent needs to be gained before any care is implemented and if this is not given the care cannot be given this will obviously have an effect on how effective the care has been when evaluating the care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) state in section 3 of the code of c onduct ‘you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care’ (2002). During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time are analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need t o be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem. Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trained member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11 Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications A needs orientated approach to care This will be discussed in detail providing evidence of strengths and weaknesses of the model. The nursing process that will be discussed will be APIE which is assess, plan, implement and evaluate. A nursing process is a systematic approach which focuses on each patient as an individual ensuring that the patients holistic needs are taken into consideration. These include physical, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors. . The nursing process is a problem solving framework for planning and delivering nursing care to patients and their families (Atkinson and Murray 1995). When used collaboratively the nursing model and the nursing process should provide a plan of care that considers the patient holistically rather than just focusing on their medical diagnosis (Moseby’s 2009). It will also discuss an example of a care plan done for a fictional patient and evaluate and discuss how the nursing plan and the nursing process have created a plan of care and how effect ive this was or was not. Care planning is a highly skilled process used in all healthcare settings which aims to ensure that the best possible care is given to each patient. The Nursing and Midwifery council state that care planning is only to be undertaken by qualified staff or by students under supervision. The Department of health (2009) says that â€Å"Personalized care planning is about addressing an individual’s full range of needs, taking into account their health, personal, social, economic, educational, mental health, ethinic and cultural background and circumstances† with the aim of returning the patient to their previous state before they became ill and were hospitalized considering all of these needs to provide patient centered care. It recognizes that there are other issues in addition to medical needs that can impact on a person’s total health and well being’.It provides a written record accessible to all health professionals where all nursing interventions can be d ocumented. Care planning is extremely important as it enables all staff involved in the care to have access to relevant information about the patients current medical problems and how this affecting them in relation to the 12 activities of living as well as any previous medical history. Barrett et al (2009) state that taking care of an individuals needs is a professional, legal and ethical requirement. There are many different nursing models all of which have strengths and weaknesses and its up to the nurse to choose the right one for individual patient, the model which is used will vary between different speciailties depending on which is more relevant to the patient and their illness and needs. Although a vast majority of hospitals now use pre-printed care plans it is important to remember that not all the questions on them will be relevant to all patients. An example of this would be that activity of breathing may not have any impact on a healthy young adult be would be a major f actor for an elderly man with COPD. There are four stages to the nursing process which are Assess, plan, implement and evaluate (APIE) but Barrett et al state that there should be six stages to include systematic nursing diagnosis and recheck (ASPIRE) as although they are included in the nursing process they are not separate stages and could be overlooked.(Barrett et al 2009). It is important that a nursing process is used and it is set out in a logical order, the way in that the nurse would think this helps minimize omissions or mistakes. Roper, Logan and Tierney model of nursing suggests that there are five interrelated concepts which need to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing care which are activities of living, lifespan, dependence/independence continuum, factors influencing activities of living and individuality in living (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). Assessment Assessment is fundamental to gaining all the information required about the patient in order to give the best possible care. â€Å"Assessment is extremely important because it provides the scientific basis for a complete nursing care plan† (Moseby’s 2009). The initial assessment untaken by nurses is to gather information regarding the patients needs but this is only the beginning of assessing as the holistic needs of the patient including physical, physiological, spiritual, social, economic and environmental needs to be taken into consideration in order to deliver appropriate individualized care (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2008). When using the 12 activities of living (ALs) for assessment it gives a list a basic information required but must not just be used as a list as the patient will respond better to questions asked in an informal manner and when just part of the general conversation. RLT (2008) state that although every AL is important some are more important than o ther and this can vary between patients. It is important for nurses to obtain appropriate information through both verbal and non-verbal conversation patients are more likely to give correct information but without jumping to conclusions or putting words into their mouths. ‘Assessment is the cornerstone on which a patients care is planned, implemented and evaluated (RLT 2008). â€Å"Poor or incomplete assessment subsequently leads to poor care planning and implementation of the care plan† (Sutcliffe 1990). Information can be gained from the patient, the patients family and friends as well as any health records (Peate I, 2010) During this process of gathering information it is important to find out what the patient can do as well as what they cant. , McCormack, Manley and Garbett (2004) state that gathering the information requires a certain kind of relationship between the nurse and the patient and nurses need to be able to communicate effectively in order to be able to build this relationship. A full assessment needs to consider how the patient was before they became ill or hospitalized in relation to their medical diagnosis as well as how the patient was dealing with it, how they are now, what is the change or difference if any, do they know what is causing the change, what if anything they are doing about it, do they have any resources now or have they have in the past to deal with the problem (barrett et al). RLT (2008) state that there are 5 factors that influence the 12 activities of living which are biological, psychological, sociocultural, environmental and politicoeconomic, these may not all hav e an effect on each patient but all need to be taken into consideration.The more information gained in the assessment process the easier the other steps will follow. RLT (2008) suggest that assessing is a continuous process and that further information will be obtained through observations and within the course of nursing the patient. At the end of the initial assessment the nurse should to identify the problems that the patient has. There are limitations to using a nursing process which are the 12 als are often used as a list as part of a core care plan and are not always individualized Walsh (1998) argues that the 12 activities of living may just be used as a list which could result in vital information being missed which could be detrimental to the patient. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008) states a nurse is personally and professionally accountable for actions and omissions in practice and any decisions made must always be justifiable. There are many benefits to using a nursing process it is patient centered and enables individualized care for each patient. It also gives patients input into their own care and gives them a greater sense of control it is outcome focused using subjective and objective information which helps and encourages evaluation of the care given. It also minimizes any errors and omissions. When I carried out the assessing stage on mabel I did this using the 12 activities of living as suggested by Roper et al (2008) but this was used too much like a checklist. I didn’t gather enough information in order to be able to do the best plan of care possible for her although I don’t feel this could have been detrimental to the care she received it needed more information than I had. I also found it difficult deciding which information should go where so I endened up repeating information in more than one of the 12 als, Which although this wouldn’t have made a difference to the planning of the care plan there was too much irrelevant information which could mean that it wasn’t read thoroughly just skimmed over as it would take too much time. As I am inexperienced in doing this I realized when writing the care plan that there were many questions that I didn’t ask so there where many parts that could not be filled in. I also didn’t gather e nough objective data for certain parts so I didn’t have any evidence that the care had worked or how effective it had been. This is where Barrett et al (2009) state that there should be a systematic nursing diagnosis where nurses establish a nursing diagnosis rather than just a medical diagnosis. This is where the holistic needs of a patient are taken into consideration. Although nursing diagnosis differs from a medical diagnosis the two do interlink but a nursing diagnosis considers the physical, psychological and spiritual aspects of the medical diagnosis and problems that may arise from these. Another part of the systematic nursing diagnosis is to provide baselines to state where the patients are at at the present time so that a needs statement can be written in conjunction with the patient in terminology that they can understand(Barrett et al 2009). Planning The next stage of the nursing process is planning this is where all the information gained in the assessment part to plan the care of the patient. The planning stage of the process is where achievable goals need to be made through discussion with care givers and the patient or the patients representative. These goals need to contain both subjective goals and objective goals in order for them to be measurable and evaluated. The plan of care is to solve the actual problems the patient has and to prevent potential problems from becoming actual ones. It also aims to help the patient cope with their illness in a positive way and to make them as comfortable and pain free as possible (RLT 2008). Planning needs to be totally individualized and patient centered they need to feel they have a voice and part of the team. The more information gathered in assessment the easier the plan of care will be. The main objective of a nursing plan is to ‘provide the information on which systematic, i ndividualized nursing can be based and individualized nursing can be based and implemented by any nurse’ (RLT 2008). Through a detailed individualized plan of care any nurse caring for a particular patient should be able to see exactly what is required of them as all the information will be recorded in the care plan. The NMC (2008) says that nursing interventions need to be specific for that particular patient, based on best evidence, measurable and achievable. There are many different criteria for setting goals just one of these is PRODUCT which stands for, Patient centered, recordable, observable and measurable, directive, understandable and clear, credible and time related. This is just meant as a way of helping nurses to set goals (Barrett et al 2009). When planning care a great emphasis needs to be based on the dependence/independence continuum which will have been established in the assessment phase. The care to be given will encourage the patient to get back to as rea sonably possible or as close to where they were on the continuum as they were before they were admitted to hospital. Planning also needs to take into account the resources available to implement the care as they need to ensure that the care they are planning is achievable and will not be compromised by lack of resources or a shortage of nursing staff (Roper et al 2008). When I did a plan of care for mabel it quickly became evident how inexperienced I was. I didn’t gather enough information in the assessing period to be able to do an effective plan of care. I also didn’t know how achievable the goals where as I wasn’t aware of how long they would take to improve or if they where achievable or not, I also found it difficult determine which problems were interrelated and as a result tried to link anxiety in with another problem when in fact it was a problem on its own. I was able to write the needs statements effectively that were not long but on a couple of these the influencing factors were missed out which would be necessary when providing holistic care. Planning care for a patient requires a great deal of knowledge in the chosen specialty which is why it must be carried out by a qualified member of staff or a student under supervision. Implementation Implementation is the next part of the nursing process and where all the goals which were set in the planning stage are put into motion and the goals can start to be achieved through nursing and medical interventions. The main component of the implementation stage is the delivery of the care to the patient. This is done with nursing staff, the multidisciplinary team members involved in the patients care such as doctor, dieticians and physiotherapists and the patient themselves in order for the patient to be able to return to how they were previously before they were admitted to hospital. The plan of care will be specific to the particular patient and will focus on the biopsychosocial aspects of the patient (Marriner 1983).Implementation provides great emphasis on individualized care which is why it is important to establish in the previous phases where they are on the dependence/independence continuum and what they are able to do now and what they were able to do before. Individualis ed care is associated with how the patient did things before such as how the person carries out the ALs and how often they carry these out. An example of this would be when carrying out the AL of personal cleansing and dressing to individualise the care it would be necessary to have determined in the assessing stage how the patient usually did this and how often it wouldn’t be individualized if in the care plan it was stated that they got a shower every morning if at home they only did this once a week. Core care plans may be used in certain situations this can provide a greater level of care as potential problems can be foreseen if related to a certain problem on the other hand it is also important not to standardize care as patients react differently to different illnesses and treatment. (Faulkner A, 2000). The NMC (2008) state that nurses are required to ‘Make the care of people your first concern, treating them as individuals and respecting their dignity’. In order to deal with certain problems or situations people often develop coping strategies which can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Adaptive coping strategies are usually helpful to the patient whereas maladaptive ones could be detrimental to their health such as smoking or drinking, the patient may feel this helps them to deal with a present situation but it is actually causing them harm. Patients need to be discouraged from using maladaptive coping strategies this could be done by introducing them to adaptive coping strategies and encouraging them to change their maladaptive ones into adaptive ones. Diamond (2008) states that there are also legal and ethical issues when it comes to implementing care as consent needs to be gained before any care is implemented and if this is not given the care cannot be given this will obviously have an effect on how effective the care has been when evaluating the care. The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) state in section 3 of the code of c onduct ‘you must obtain consent before you give any treatment or care’ (2002). During the implementation of Mabel I found that although I was able to implement the care effectively I hadn’t recognized all of the nursing interventions needed to provide holistic care and I wasn’t fully aware of timescales of the planned care. I feel I also needed to research further into Mabel’s problems in order to gain the appropriate knowledge to provide the best care available as this would ensure that are the interventions are evidence based and best practice (NMC 2008). Barrett et el (2008) state that this is where recheck should take place which would enable the health care provider to establish how effective the plan of care is before the treatment ends this would enable them to re-evaluate the plan of care while the treatment is still ongoing and adjust the goals accordingly. Evaluation Evaluation is where the care that has been given can be assessed to evaluate the care given and whether it has worked or not. Chalmers (1986) describe that it is an ongoing and continuous process and also occurs at timed points in a formal setting. Roper et al (2000) say that evaluating care also provides a basis for ongoing assessment, planning and evaluation. There are two different parts to evaluation summative evaluation and formative evaluation. Formative evaluation is done with the patient taking into account whether they feel the care given has worked when done with consideration of the dependence/independence continuum information regarding the patients previous place on the dependence/independence continuum can be obtained from the patient, their friends and relatives as well as other health care professionals in the multidisciplinary team involved in the care of the patient. Summative evaluation is when the holistic view of the patient is taken into consideration how they feel about the treatment, whether they felt that the goals were achievable. It so where all the measureable data stated in the baselines and data received after this time are analyzed to show how effective or not the treatment has been. When evaluating care consideration needs to be given to the influencing factors such as biological factors as the bodies physical ability varies according to age the physical ability of an older person is generally less efficient, therefore therefore the plan of care needs to take this into consideration so that when the evaluation takes place it its hoped to have been effective. A nurse needs to evaluate her patient’s status regularly for some patients this will be just once a day but for others it will be much more frequent depending on their illness and healthcare status. RLT (2008) says that evaluation must be individual to the specific patient and not just a standard goal that is related to a specific problem. If goals haven’t been achieved then it is up to the nursing staff to determine why. Maybe the goals set weren’t measureable or achievable. Parsley and Corrigan (1999) say that if goals haven’t been measureable or achievable then new goals need t o be set. It could also be that the nursing interventions were not successful in which case new interventions should be set. Through my evaluation of Mabel it was evident that I did not require all the information to do a comprehensive plan of care. Although I did set baselines which meant I could compare data I wasn’t experienced enough to set goals to the correct timeframe I also didn’t obtain enough measureable information in certain problems to be fully able to assess how effective or ineffective the care had been. Had I had more experience I feel that the evaluation wouldn’t be a problem. Evaluation requires checking and rechecking in order to see the effectiveness of the care delivered. It requires knowledge and expertise to be able to effectively evaluate and amend the goals and interventions set as necessary. The whole care planning process took me a long time and I still was not very good at certain aspects of it. When setting goals a lot of detailed information is required in order for the plan of care to be effective so I can now understand why it is necessary for a trained member of staff to carry out the task. Conclusion This assignment has shown that when used together the nursing process and the nursing model provide a good basis to providing care. It sets out a systematic approach to providing care. Care needs to be set out in a way that both the nurse and the patient know exactly what is happening as well as any other health care professional in the multidisciplinary team providing care for the patient. It has also shown that involving patients in their care enables them to feel they are part of the team and are more likely to help themselves with their care. Reference list Sutcliffe E 1990, Reviewing the process progress. A critical review of literature on the nursing process. Senior Nurse, 10(a), 9-13. Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney model in practice 2008 Elsevier ltd. Roper N, Logan W, Tierney J (2008) The Roper Logan Tierney model of nursing, Churchill Livingstone:London. Dimond, B. (2008) Legal Aspects of Nursing, 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Barrett D, Wilson B, Woolands A (2009) Care planning a guide for nurses: Pearson, Essex. Faulkner A (2000) Nursing The reflective approach to adult nursing. Stanley Thornes: Cheltenham. Peate I (2010) Nursing care and the activities of living 2nd ed. Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex. Yura H, Walsh M (1983) The nursing process: Assessment, Planning, Implementing, Evaluating. Appleton Century: Crofts Norfolk. Cook S (1995) The merits of individualized measures within routine clinical practice. . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Longtermconditions/DH_093359(2009) (29/04/11 Alfaro R (2002), Applying the nursing process: Promoting collaborative care 5th ed. Lippincott: London. Moseby’s Medical Dictionary (2009), 8th ed, Elsevier. http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Accountability/[Date Accessed 11/04/2011]. McCormack B, Manley K and Garbett R (2004) Practice Development in Nursing, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Atkinson L Murray E, (1995), Clinical guide to care planning, McGraw, Oxford. NMC (2002), The NMC code of professional conduct, Nursing and Midwifery Council Publications